新疆和田河流域柽柳沙堆的生物地貌发育过程(英文)

Tamarix nabkha is one of the most widespread nabkhas,distributing in the arid region of China.Based on the observations outdoors and the simulation experiments in laboratories,analysis in this paper refers to the biological geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in the middle and lower reaches of the Hotan River,Xin- jiang.And the results indicate that the ecological type of Tamarix in the study area is a kind of Tugaic soil habitat based on the deep soil of the Populus Diversifolia f...     

Effects of biological soil crusts on water infiltration and evaporation Yanchi Ningxia,Maowusu Desert,China

Biological soil crusts serve as a vanguard for improving the ecological environment in arid, semi-arid desertification areas. It is a good indicator of the level of improvement which the local ecological environment is undertaking. In desert areas, water condition is a key factor of improving the ecological environment. As a first layer protection, biological crusts play an important role in local vegetation succession due to their abilities to conserve and maintain moisture. Using Maowusu desert in Yanchi of Ningxia province as an example, after three years of research, this paper chooses three kinds of biological crusts including lichen, moss and cyanobacterial which are under the cover of Artemisia ordosica as research objects. The results of this study indicate that, the closer biological crusts are to Artemisia ordosica vegetation, the thicker they become. In the same position of Artemisia ordosica vegetation, the thickness of moss crusts is the highest, followed by lichen crusts, and the thickness of cyanobacterial crusts is the lowest. Biological soil crusts coverage protects the natural water content of soil layers from 0 to 5 cm. Also, it effects falling water to infiltrate deeper, and cannot prevent the surface water content from evaporating effectively. The effect of biological crusts blocking water infiltration decreases with the increase of rainfall. At the same rainfall level, moss crusts provide the strongest water infiltration blockage, followed by lichen crusts and cyanobacterial crusts. With the increase of rainfall, the depth of water infiltration increases. At the same rainfall level, the relationship of water infiltration depth is as follows: cyanobacterial crusts 4 lichen crusts 4 moss crusts. With the increase of biological crusts thickness, they blocking water infiltration capacity is stronger, and the depth of water infiltration is smaller. Analysis on the characteristic of simulated rainfall process on biological crusts shows that sandy land can be fixed by applying appropriate artificial biological crusts to build a sustainable forest pro-tection system and to create a stable ecosystem in desertification area.     

泥石流防治工程设计的若干问题初探

本文以南靖县帮科泥石流防治工程设计工作为例,选取了影响该泥石流形成的10项因子,利用模糊数学综合评判法对该泥石流危险程度进行了评价,为福建省泥石流预测预报及防治提供了定量的数学分析方法,有利于福建省科学防灾工作的进一步开展。此外,本文还对帮科泥石流防治工程中拦挡坝的设计方法进行了初步探讨,明确提出设计中坝体的稳定性演算可以简化为抗滑稳定演算等三个注意事项,并针对福建省的气候、土壤条件,提供了泥石流生物治理措施中的几种优势树种及其基本种植方案。相信本文对福建省其他泥石流防治工程设计具有借鉴意义。     

Evaporative losses from soils covered by physical and different types of biological soil crusts

Evaporation of soil moisture is one of the most important processes affecting water availability in semiarid ecosystems. Biological soil crusts, which are widely distributed ground cover in these ecosystems, play a recognized role on water processes. Where they roughen surfaces, water residence time and thus infiltration can be greatly enhanced, whereas their ability to clog soil pores or cap the soil surface when wetted can greatly decrease infiltration rate, thus affecting evaporative losses. In this work, we compared evaporation in soils covered by physical crusts, biological crusts in different developmental stages and in the soils underlying the different biological crust types. Our results show that during the time of the highest evaporation (Day 1), there was no difference among any of the crust types or the soils underlying them. On Day 2, when soil moisture was moderately low (11%), evaporation was slightly higher in well‐developed biological soil crusts than in physical or poorly developed biological soil crusts. However, crust removal did not cause significant changes in evaporation compared with the respective soil crust type. These results suggest that the small differences we observed in evaporation among crust types could be caused by differences in the properties of the soil underneath the biological crusts. At low soil moisture (<6%), there was no difference in evaporation among crust types or the underlying soils. Water loss for the complete evaporative cycle (from saturation to dry soil) was similar in both crusted and scraped soils. Therefore, we conclude that for the specific crust and soil types tested, the presence or the type of biological soil crust did not greatly modify evaporation with respect to physical crusts or scraped soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

济南市土壤重金属污染现状及其土壤生物学表征

以济南市区及郊区农田土壤为对象,研究土壤中重金属污染的特征,结果表明,土壤重金属污染不仅引起了生态环境的恶化,而且影响土壤生物多样性,降低了土壤活性。济南市土壤动物各类群的数量与土壤重金属元素含量的相关性统计结果显示:土壤原生动物数量与Co、Ni含量呈明显负相关;土壤线虫数量与Cu、Mo含量呈显著负相关;旱生土壤动物数量与Cu含量呈显著负相关;说明重金属元素对土壤动物多样性具有不利影响,土壤线虫是耐污种类,旱生动物多为不耐污种类,土壤线虫与旱生动物密度之比可以作为土壤重金属污染程度的生物学指标。通过对土壤地球化学元素含量与土壤生物学参数的相关性分析,找到了重金属的敏感生物指标:Pb污染的生物学指标为土壤线虫;As污染的生物学指标是真菌PLFA含量等,用土壤生物作为敏感、快速的重金属污染生物毒性的指示物,具有广阔的应用前景。     

甘肃某石英脉型难选金矿石选矿试验研究

甘肃某金矿为含金石英脉型硫化矿石,金的嵌布粗细不均匀分布,70％以上集中在粗粒级中,而细粒级金则主要被黄铁矿和脉石矿物包裹,难以解离,导致尾矿中金品位难以降低,该矿石属于较难选矿石.试验研究初步对该矿石采用“重选十浮选”的工艺流程,选别效果不好;而采用把矿石磨细再经过一粗三扫的单一浮选工艺流程,在磨矿细度为-0.074...     

The effect of the dominant polychaete Scolelepis squamata on nematode colonisation in sandy beach sediments: An experimental approach

The effect of an abundant sandy beach polychaete, Scolelepis squamata, on the colonisation of defaunated sediments by marine nematodes indicates that sandy beach fauna can be partially controlled by biological interactions within and across size groups. Experimental cores, equipped with windows allowing infaunal colonisation, were filled with defaunated sandy beach sediment containing two different treatments with and without S. squamata. These cores were inserted into microcosms filled with sediment with indigenous meiofauna collected from the field. The treatments were incubated in the laboratory at ambient temperature and salinity for 2, 7, 14 and 21 days, in order to follow the colonisation process of the defaunated sediments by the indigenous nematode fauna over time. Nematodes initially colonised both treatments, with abundances of up to 10% of the densities in the control; after 2 weeks, nematode densities in the cores without S. squamata surpassed the control densities. Nematode assemblages in both treatments were not species rich, and also differed in composition from the natural assemblages. The most successful colonising species, Enoplolaimus litoralis, was rare in the surrounding sediment, suggesting that colonisation was determined by species-specific characteristics such as body size, motility and feeding strategy. Initially the presence of macrofauna did not affect the nematode community composition, but after 2 weeks of the experiment, the presence of the polychaete seemed to facilitate the earlier establishment of non-opportunistic species.     

Origin and biochemical cycling of particulate nitrogen in the Mandovi estuary

Mandovi estuary is a tropical estuary strongly influenced by the southwest monsoon. In order to understand, sources and fate of particulate organic nitrogen, suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from various locations, was analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON), δ¹³C_POC, total hydrolysable amino acid enantiomers (l- and d- amino acids) concentration and composition. δ¹³C_POC values were depleted (−32 to −25‰) during the monsoon and enriched (−29.6 to −21‰) in the pre-monsoon season implying that OM was derived from terrestrial and marine sources during the former and latter season, respectively. The biological indicators such as C/N ratio, d-amino acids, THAA yields and degradation indices (DI) indicate that the particulate organic matter (POM) was relatively more degraded during the monsoon season. Conversely, during the pre-monsoon, the biological indicators indicated the presence of relatively fresh and labile POM derived from autochthonous sources. Amino acids such as alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, serine, arginine, and threonine in monsoon and glutamic acid, glycine, valine, lysine, and isoleucine in pre-monsoon were relatively abundant. Presence of bacterial biomarker, d-amino acids in the SPM of the estuary during both the seasons signifies important contribution of bacteria to the estuarine detrital ON pool. Based on d-amino acid yields, bacterial OM accounted for 16-34% (23.0 ± 6.7%) of POC and 29-75% (47.9 ± 18.7%) of PON in monsoon, and 30-78% (50.0 ± 15%) of POC and 34-79% (51.2 ± 13.3%) of the PON in pre-monsoon in the estuary. Substantial contribution of bacterial-N to PON indicates nitrogen (N) enrichment on terrestrial POM during the monsoon season. Transport of terrestrial POM enriched with bacterial OM to the coastal waters is expected to influence coastal productivity and ecosystem functioning during the monsoon season.     

海胆相关菌株抗菌活性筛选及其生物学特性

以8个菌株（3株革兰氏阳性菌、3株革兰氏阴性菌和2株真菌）作为指示菌,采用管碟法对分离自南海硇洲岛马粪海hP-（Hemicentrotuspulcherrimus）中的106株细菌（含放线菌）进行抗菌活性筛选,并对其中抗菌活性较强的菌株进行了基于16SrRNA基因序列的系统发育分析和生物学特性研究。结果显示．具有抗菌活...     

乌蒙山区生物资源持续历史的启示与保护发展的方向

乌蒙山区属古热带北缘,是海陆变迁的海岸线,生物演化至今,造就了丰富的生物资源。人类活动以来,历经了自取自用-半农耕-坝区开发-山区开发的历史时期。由于该区是多民族居住区,又处于国家统一、巩固西南边疆、通向边区的交通要道上,较先进的中原农耕方式最先在此试用。明、清两个朝代的移民与经营,全面开始了生物资源的利用。历代各族人民在适应生存的实践中,找到了持续稳定地增长和利用生物资源的方法。这些,既充满了对自然规律的认识和利用,也为进一步发展提供了技术支持。该区在长江和珠江上游的分水岭上,只有以生态建设为基础,施行保护优先于开发的持续生物资源利用,才能发挥持续性和获得最大效益。概述了上述问题,在生物资源可持续经营上,简要提出了需要研究的基础科学问题和培育新产业的几个方向,并探讨了适应今后持续发展的管理问题。