Lower carboniferous coal deposition environments on Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Two coal-bearing units from the Lower Carboniferous succession in Central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, have been investigated using coal petrographic and geochemical techniques. The upper member consists mainly of algal cannels, dominated by Botryococcus-type algae. The coals from the lower member are a mixture of durite-type coals with sporinite and inertinite and coals containing prdominantly vitrinite. The Rock-Eval and pyrolysis-GC also show a clear distinction in the composition of the organic matter in the two coal-bearing units investigated. These results, together with detailed sedimentological analyses, are used to reconstruct the depositional environments for the two coal-bearing sequences.     

地面沉降规律预测新模式

文章讨论了地面沉降当前一般研究及其防治措施;提出了若干尚待深入研究的有关问题。概括了地面沉降区的几种重要沉积模式和沉降机理。以世界上记录到的最大的美国加州中部谷地和规模较小的中国浙江宁波市地面沉降为例,重点对其动态规律作了概要讨论;以其监测数据为背景,采用Verhulst氏生物模型原理和灰色控制系统理论分别对两者进行了控制预测及预测控制。结果表明,在一定控制条件下,可以预测出二者沉降寿命分别为140年和90年;若严格予以控制,宁波市可望免于沉没海水面之下。     

The identification of organic input sources of sediments from the santa catalina basin using factor analysis

Individual neutral lipids, including hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, sterols, keto-ols and diols have been analysed from eight horizons in a sediment core taken from the Santa Catalina Basin, Calif. Variations in the concentration of individual lipid components between sites are studied using factor analysis to determine their inputs. Several sources of organic material are postulated from the composition of hypothetical factors, including methanogenic bacteria, higher plants and algae including coccolithophores, dinoflagellates and diatoms. Sources for long chain keto-ols and diols and a C₃₅ bicyclic alkene are suggested as methanogenic bacteria and algae respectively.     

The occurrence of bisnorhopane,trisnorhopane and 25-norhopanes as free hydrocarbons in some Australian shales

The triterpenoid hydrocarbons of some West Australian shales have been examined by GC-MS. In addition to the common 17α(H),21β(H)-hopanes, 17β(H),21β(H)-hopanes and 17β(H),21α(H)-moretanes, 28,30-bisnorhopane, 25,28,30-trisnorhopane and 25-norhopanes were identified in the organic extracts. In contrast, pyrolysates of the solvent-extracted sediments contained only the common hopane and moretane series, indicating that 28,30-bisnorhopane, 25,28,30-trisnorhopane and 25-norhopanes are not bonded to kerogen, but rather are present in the sediments as free hydrocarbons.     

Distribution and Significance of Methyl Steranes in Bohai Bay Basin, East China

31 samples of shales and mudstones developed in reducing hypersaline and freshwater setting and 20 oil samples of Bamianhe oilfield, Bohai Bay basin were collected for a detailed study of petroleum system. Composition and distribution, especially significance of steroids, are discussed as a part of those. Abundant steroidal biomarkers, including C27-29 regular steranes, C28-30 4-methyl steranes, dinosteranes and aromatic steranes, were detected. Results show that the composition and distribution of the steroids in samples studied are functions of thermal maturity, organic source, paleoenvironment and lithology of potential source rocks. Alga-rich Es4 shales (brackish water) developed in the south slope of depocenter (Niuzhuang sag) were found particularly rich in steroidal biomarkers including C30 4-methyl steranes and dinosteranes. Es3 mudstones (fresh water) were found devoid of dinosteranes. Distribution patterns of regular steranes are completely different from methyl steranes indicating different origins of the specific compounds of the fraction. Diagnostic distribution of steranes in rock extracts of diverse intervals makes the compounds to be essential indictors of source-rock tracing. Methyl steranes prove to be much more useful in oil-source rock correlation than regular steranes. Results also show that alga-rich Es4 shales located in the south slope are not likely the primary source rock responsible for the oils discovered based on the composition and distribution of steroids.     

海南儋州湾红树林区沉积有机质来源及碳储量

本文测定了海南儋州湾南岸柱状沉积物的粒度、总有机质参数(TOC、C/N和 δ13C)和类脂生物标志物含量,并通过端元混合模型使用红树植物特征标志物蒲公英萜醇含量、长链正构烷烃含量和δ13C值半定量区分了海南儋州湾南岸沉积有机质来源,尤其是红树林的贡献.另外,通过估算沉积物的有机碳储量来评估儋州湾红树林区域的储碳能力.在...     

分子地层学的原理、方法及应用实例

当前分子地层学研究已涉及蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物、类脂物和木质素等多种生物化学组分。在地层中,分子化石具有分布的广泛性、定量的准确性、应用的指纹性和信息的多样性等特点,其地层学应用的主要原理是依据分子化石的生物源信息和其离开生物体后发生的一系列转化途径来实现的,其表述方法可以是含量、相对丰度、碳数分布和单体同位素特征等。在各类年代学框架下,由这些分子化石参数所揭示的各类生物事件和环境事件可以成为区域性乃至全球性地层对比的主要依据。分子地层学与分子古生物学、生物地球化学、有机地球化学密切相关,它与传统三大地层学分支学科明显不同,目前还没有明确的分子地层单位,也没有进行广泛的分子地层划分与对比工作。对各类生物事件与环境事件有重要指示作用的分子地层学,与生态地层学、事件地层学等地层学分支学科类似,其主要任务是在传统生物地层学或其他年代学框架下,提高地层划分和对比的精度。以浙江长兴煤山二叠纪-三叠纪界线地层和第四纪泥炭为例,以高分辨率的生物事件与环境事件为切入点,分别探讨在生物地层学或其他年代学框架下的分子地层工作,由此提出了分子地层学的分类单位——分子化石带。     

Validation of Arenicola marina in field toxicity bioassays using benthic cages: biomarkers as tools for assessing sediment quality

Sediment toxicity assessments using caged organisms present advantages over using laboratory and native community studies. The use of caged Arenicola marina in sediment toxicity assessments was evaluated. Lugworms were exposed in situ to sediments from coastal and port areas in Spain for seven days, and the activities of the biotransformation enzymes ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase and glutathione S-transferase, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation were then analyzed as biomarkers. Biomarker results and sediment physicochemical data were integrated. Cádiz Bay (SW Spain) sediments presented metal contamination that was not linked to a biochemical response. In LPGC Port (SW Spain), Pb contamination exhibited a moderate toxic potential, while PAHs, and presumably pharmaceuticals, provoked biochemical responses that efficiently prevented lipid peroxidation. In Santander Bay (N Spain), exposure to PAHs and, presumably, pharmaceuticals induced biomarker responses, but lipid peroxidation occurred nevertheless. These results indicated that caged A. marina were effective for the assessment of sediment quality and that the selected biomarkers were sufficiently sensitive to identify chemical exposure and toxicity.     

Application of a step-by-step fingerprinting identification method on a spilled oil accident in the Bohai Sea area

In recent years, oil spill accidents occur frequently in the marine area of China. Finding out the spilled oil source is a key step in the relevant investigation. In this paper, a step-by-step fingerprinting identification method was used in a spilled oil accident in the Bohai Sea in 2002. Advanced chemical fingerprinting and data interpretation techniques were used to characterize the chemical composition and determine the possible sources of two spilled oil samples. The original gas chromatography -flame ionization detection (GC-FID) chromatogram of saturated hydrocarbons was compared. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) chromatograms of aromatic hydrocarbons terpane and sterane, n-alkane and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The correlation analysis on diagnostic ratios was performed with Student’s t-test. It is found that the oil fingerprinting of the spilled oil (designated as sz1) from the polluted sand beach was identical with the suspected oil (designated as ky1) from a nearby crude oil refinery factory. They both showed the fingerprinting character of mixed oil. The oil fingerprinting of the spilled oil (designated as ms1) collected from the port was significantly different from oil ky1 and oil sz1 and was with a lubricating oil fingerprint character. The identification result not only gave support for the spilled oil investigation, but also served as an example for studying spilled oil accidents.     

岩芯逐次洗提仪研究砂岩油气成藏的原理与方法:以 TZ11井志留系沥青砂岩为例

恢复勘探区油气成藏史对于加快勘探步伐有着至关重要的意义,现有研究方法种类多样并各有其优势与不足,而基于岩芯洗提手段研究油气成藏史的仪器较少.本文阐述了一种新的思路,基于此思路组装的实验仪器能够以与原油充注相反的顺序逐次洗提出岩芯中充注的原油;然后开展后期的地球化学分析,能够更加真实准确地模拟油气成藏史,从而对油气的勘探与开发提供重要信息和依据