Quantifying 20th century deposition in complex estuarine environment: An example from the Hudson River

Sediment processes in estuaries are controlled by the interaction of factors that include tides, fresh water inputs, bed morphology, sediment supply, and hydrodynamics. The interaction of these factors strongly influences the pattern of sediment deposition. The ability to quantify sediment deposition on a regional scale will improve the understanding of the underlying processes, and provide valuable information for managing estuarine systems. This paper describes our approach for obtaining the deposition pattern and quantifying the amount of 20th century impacted sediments in the Haverstraw Bay section of the Hudson River Estuary. Through the combination of high-resolution seismic data and rapidly acquired geochemical information from numerous sediment cores, we estimate that our study site experiences an average sediment accumulation rate of ∼3 mm/y and that ∼75,000 t/y or ∼10% of the annual total sediment input measured at the Poughkeepsie, NY gauging station (USGS) is stored in this reach of the Hudson River on ∼100 y timescales. A detailed analysis of the depositional pattern indicates that the accumulation rate varies considerably throughout the study area ranging from non-depositional to >8 mm/y. Our data also clearly indicate that the dredged channel in Haverstraw Bay is currently the main focus of deposition in this area.     

Probability of Sediment Incipient Motion Under Complex Flows

Presented in this paper is a mathematical model to calculate the probability of the sediment incipient motion,in which the effects of the fluctuating pressure and the seepage are considered.The instantaneous bed shear velocity and the pressure gradient on the bed downstream of the backward-facing step flow are obtained according to the PIV measurements.It is found that the instantaneous pressure gradient on the bed obeys normal distribution.The probability of the sediment incipient motion on the bed downstream of the backward-facing step flow is given by the mathematical model.The predicted results agree well with the experiment in the region downstream of the reattachment point while a large discrepancy between the theory and experiment is seen in the region near the reattachment point.The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.     

Non-equilibrium flocculation characteristics of fine-grained sediments in grid-generated turbulent flow

Results are presented from a series of settling column experiments investigating temporal variations in the flocculation characteristics of purely cohesive (kaolin clay) sediment suspensions and cohesive (kaolin) and non-cohesive (fine sand) sediment fraction mixtures. Experimental runs were conducted under controlled hydrodynamic conditions generated by a rigid array of in-phase oscillating grids. The results indicated that rapid initial floc aggregation occurred under low turbulent shear rates, with peak maximal and root-mean-square (r.m.s.) floc sizes (∼ 400 μm and ∼ 200 μm, respectively) attained after relatively short time periods, before reducing with time. By contrast, lower aggregation rates and smaller floc sizes were observed under higher shear conditions, with flocs retaining suspended in the settling column for longer time scales due to the increased turbulence. The mud input concentration displayed some correlation with maximal and r.m.s. floc sizes at higher shear rates but no correlation was apparent at low shear rates. This observed floc behaviour may be attributed to the differences in concentration gradients at high and low shear rates that affect both floc settling rate and time required for flocs to attain equilibrium size. The addition of the fine sand fraction to the kaolin clay suspension reduced both the initial floc formation (i.e. aggregation) rate and the maximal and r.m.s. floc sizes attained throughout the experiments. The reduction in maximal floc sizes appeared to be enhanced by an increase in the ratio of fine sand to kaolin clay content within the mixture.     

浙江西裘铜块状硫化物矿床火山-热泉沉积成矿的地质地球化学证据

浙江西裘矿区新元古代火山－热泉活动强烈,矿石Ｃｕ：Ｚｎ：Ｐｂ原子百分比与火山岩和热水沉积硅质岩相似。矿床δ＾３４Ｓ值为－６．５‰～２．８‰,δ＾１８Ｏ值为８．１４‰～２２．３２‰,铅同位素示踪主要为下地壳铅;矿石具较高的Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ、Ｇａ、Ｚｎ、Ｂａ等含量;具较低的Ａｌ／（Ａｌ＋Ｆｅ＝Ｍｎ）比值,Ｚｎ（Ｐｂ＋Ｚｎ）比值接近１,均表现出火山－热泉沉积成矿地球化学特征。     

热水沉积研究及相关科学问题

本评述了现代大洋底、大陆边缘及大陆热区流体活动和热水沉积的观察研究及其重大理论意义;分析了古代热水沉积岩的普遍性、多样性、规律性及在确立VMS型和Sedex型成矿认识中的作用;提出了三个与热水沉积相关科学问题：盆地动力学演化的热水沉积响应,盆地古流体场及其演化的热水沉积记录．盆地演化-盆地流体-流体成矿三动态耦合。利用盆地中热水沉积序列对盆地发生发展及盆地异常热史和盆地流体演化的详细记载,配合盆地流体数值模拟,是认识盆地流体及其成矿效应等科学问题的全新思路和有效途径。南秦蛉热水沉积海盆具备开展此方面研究的优越条件。     

The Recognition of the Chuxiong Foreland Basin System in Yunnan, China

THE RECOGNITION OF THE CHUXIONG FORELAND BASIN SYSTEM IN YUNNAN,CHINA     

黄河中游汛期水沙联合分布模型及其应用

为在宏观上对黄河中游水沙运动的变化规律从随机过程的角度予以揭示,以黄河中游潼关水文站1952-1998年期间流量超过6 000m3/s的次洪过程中的洪峰流量和相应的沙峰含沙量系列为基础,运用Copula函数方法构建了黄河中游汛期水沙联合分布模型并对其应用进行了探讨.结果表明:在水沙丰枯同步频率中,同丰的频率略大于同枯的...     

Deformation patterns of upper Quaternary strata and their relation to active tectonics,Po Basin,Italy

Despite increased application of subsurface datasets below the limits of seismic resolution, reconstructing near‐surface deformation of shallow key stratigraphic markers beneath modern alluvial and coastal plains through sediment core analysis has received little attention. Highly resolved stratigraphy of Upper Pleistocene to Holocene (Marine Isotope Stage 5e to Marine Isotope Stage 1) alluvial, deltaic and coastal depositional systems across the southern Po Plain, down to 150 m depth, provides an unambiguous documentation on the deformation of previously flat‐lying strata that goes back in time beyond the limits of morphological, historical and palaeoseismic records. Five prominent key horizons, accurately selected on the basis of their sedimentological characteristics and typified for their fossil content, were used as highly effective stratigraphic markers (M1 to M5) that can be tracked for tens of kilometres across the basin. A facies‐controlled approach tied to a robust chronology (102 radiocarbon dates) reveals considerable deformation of laterally extensive nearshore (M1), continental (M2 and M3) and lagoon (M4 and M5) marker beds originally deposited in a horizontal position (M1, M4 and M5). The areas where antiformal geometries are best observed are remarkably coincident with the axes of buried ramp anticlines, across which new seismic images reveal substantially warped stratal geometries of Lower Pleistocene strata. The striking spatial coincidence of fold crests with the epicentres of historic and instrumental seismicity suggests that deformation of marker beds M1 to M5 might reflect, in part at least, syntectonically generated relief and, thus, active tectonism. Precise identification and lateral tracing of chronologically constrained stratigraphic markers in the ¹⁴C time window through combined sedimentological and palaeoecological data may delineate late Quaternary subsurface stratigraphic architecture at an unprecedented level of detail, outlining cryptic stratal geometries at the sub‐seismic scale. This approach is highly reproducible in tectonically active Quaternary depositional systems and can help to assess patterns of active deformation in the subsurface of modern alluvial and coastal plains worldwide.     

太平洋多金属结核及沉积物标准物质研制

太平洋多金属结核及深海沉积物标准物质,ＧＳＰＮ－２,３和ＧＳＭＳ－２,３,４个样品已研制完成。ＧＳＰＮ－２,３和ＧＳＭＳ－２采自太平洋ＣＣ区,ＧＳＭＳ－３采自中太平洋海盆（ＣＰ区）。原样被加工成－２００目（７４μｍ）的均匀粉未,其均匀性采用高精度的Ｘ射线荧光光谱法检测。样品的特性值采用国内外多实验室协同分析的方式定值,有包括台湾大学在内的１４个国内实验室和１８个国外实验室参加了合作分析。测试组分分别达７９和８１个,定值组分６３个。全组分的百分总和分别为：９９．７％,９９．５％,９９．８％和９９．７％。这４个标准物质已于１９９７年被国家技术监督局批准为国家一级标准物质,序号分别为ＧＢＷ０７２９５,ＧＢＷ０７２９６,ＧＢＷ０７３１５和ＧＢＷ０７３１。     

盆地的形成和充填过程模拟──以拉伸盆地为例

沉积盆地定量动力学模拟和分析是目前地学领域的一个研究热点。文中建立的拉伸盆地模拟系统可模拟拉伸盆地的沉降过程、估算盆地的拉伸量、分析盆地深部结构和热流背景;动态模拟盆地的充填过程及预测层序格架和沉积体系域的分布样式。沉降和热史模拟结合了二维的回剥法和简单或纯剪切的盆地形成模型。盆地充填模型综合考虑了盆地的构造沉降、均衡作用。沉积物供给。海（湖）平面变化等对盆地充填过程的控制作用。对莺、琼盆地模拟分析揭示了盆地的幕式拉伸过程和深部热演化;层序模拟提示了盆地沉降。海平面变化等对盆地充填演化的控制作用。