http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001041

Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are considered a relevant cause for mass extinctions of marine life throughout Earth’s history. Their flood basalts and associated intrusions can cause significant release of SO₄ and CO₂ and consequently, cause major environmental disruptions. Here, we reconstruct the long-term periodic pattern of LIP emplacement and its impact on ocean chemistry and biodiversity from δ³⁴S_sulfate of the last 520 Ma under particular consideration of the preservation limits of LIP records. A combination of cross-wavelet and other time-series analysis methods has been applied to quantify a potential chain of linkage between LIP emplacement periodicity, geochemical changes and the Phanerozoic marine genera record. We suggest a mantle plume cyclicity represented by LIP volumes (V) of V = ?(350–770) × 10³ km³ sin(2πt/170 Ma) + (300–650) × 10³ km³ sin(2πt/64.5 Ma + 2.3) for t = time in Ma. A shift from the 64.5 Ma to a weaker ～28–35 Ma LIP cyclicity during the Jurassic contributes together with probably independent changes in the marine sulfur cycle to less ocean anoxia, and a general stabilization of ocean chemistry and increasing marine biodiversity throughout the last ～135 Ma. The LIP cycle pattern is coherent with marine biodiversity fluctuations corresponding to a reduction of marine biodiversity of ～120 genera/Ma at ～600 × 10³ km³ LIP eruption volume. The 62–65 Ma LIP cycle pattern as well as excursion in δ³⁴S_sulfate and marine genera reduction suggest a not-yet identified found LIP event at ～440–450 Ma.     

国土整治生态修复中的农业景观生物多样性保护策略

随着生态文明建设成为国家发展战略,国土整治修复需要更多生态科学和技术的支撑。农业景观生物多样性是重要的自然资源,为人类可持续发展提供了重要的生态系统服务,并提供了应对气候变化等风险的途径。本文分析了我国农业景观生物多样性保护及其对国土整治生态修复的重要性,国土整治生态修复中农业景观生物多样性保护面临的挑战,并总结了欧盟在农业景观生物多样性保护方面的经验和方法。最后,文章提出了将农业景观生物多样性保护整合到国土整治生态修复的四项策略,包括生态空间的“生态修复和管护-生态补偿-民生改善”策略、农业空间的“生态基础设施-生态系统服务提升-绿色发展”策略、城乡生活空间的“多功能景观-绿色宜居空间营造”策略、国土全域“生物多样性保护网络”策略,为生态文明背景下的国土整治生态修复提供参考。     

河北昌黎生态监控区8月潮间带生物多样性年际变化趋势

依据国家海洋环境监测中心2009~2013年测得的数据和资料,对河北昌黎生态监控区潮间带生物的种类组成、栖息密度、生物量、优势种以及多样性指数进行统计运算,分析该监控区5年时间尺度的潮间带生物多样性变化趋势。结果表明:监控区共鉴定出潮间带生物5门,包括节肢动物、环节动物、软体动物、棘皮动物和脊索动物,共17科,26种,类型较少,年际种数呈逐年下降趋势;栖息密度与生物量较低,保持低潮带中潮带高潮带的特征;优势种群变化显著,节肢动物、环节动物和软体动物交替出现,优势种数逐年减少,优势度上升,对其他物种抑制作用增强;均匀度指数(J)呈微上升趋势,变化范围为0.64~0.81,状况良好,物种多样性指数(H′)和丰富度指数(dMa)水平较低,分别为0.81~3.23和0.48~3.96,生物多样性水平呈下降态势。     

Chasing Chinese Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) Harvesters in the Himalayas: Harvesting Practice and Its Conservation Implications in Western Nepal

The Chinese caterpillar fungus is famous for its high market value, unusual life history, and significant medicinal uses. It is harvested by very poor communities and sold for an extraordinarily high price. Most of the studies on this species are focused on therapeutic uses, chemical analyses, ecology, and trade. However, harvesting techniques and intensity of the harvests remain undocumented. We document harvesting techniques, trends of harvest, and perceptions of the Chinese caterpillar fungus harvesters in Dolpa, Nepal, based on surveys, focus-group discussions, and direct observations. Along with increasing market value, intensity of the harvest has been increasing. The Chinese caterpillar fungus harvest has now become the second most important livelihood strategy for the local communities, after agriculture. Reported per-capita harvest based on the first day of collection has declined over the last 4 years, apparently because of the decline in the stock and the increasing number of harvesters.     

The Implementation and Sustainability of Village Conservation Agreements Around Kerinci Seblat National Park,Indonesia

We investigated the implementation and sustainability of village conservation agreements and village conservation grants facilitated by an integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) around the Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia, 5 years after the project closed. Forty-three percent of agreement actions (n = 180) and 30% of grant activities (n = 74) were sustained. Informants identified numerous factors influencing success, but statistical tests failed to detect simple explanations. Conservation-livelihood agreements have a greater chance of success when preexisting factors are understood and the purpose of the agreement itself is clearly defined.     

泉州湾污损生物生态研究

2001年12月—2002年11月在泉州湾海域进行了污损生物周年挂板试验,共记录污损生物112种,以近岸暖水种为主,其中长鳃麦秆虫(Caprella equilibra)和网纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticulates)是该海域最具代表性的优势种,其次为裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)、中胚花筒螅(Tubularia mesembryanthemum)、薮枝螅(Obeliasp.)、纵条矶海葵(Haliplanella luciae)、外伪角涡虫(Pseudoceros exoplatus)、柄涡虫(Stylochus sp.)、僧帽囊牡蛎(Saccostrea cucullata)、翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)、巴西地钩虾(Podocerus brasiliensis)、强壮板钩虾(Stenothoe valida)、镰形叶钩虾(Jassa falcata)和角突麦秆虫(Caprella scaura)等种类。该海区污损生物全年均可附着,种类丰富且附着强度大,附着盛期在4—11月,月板、季板、半年板和周年板的平均附着生物量分别为2 624g/m2、5 309g/m2、6 210g/m2和8 247g/m2,夏季可达11 295g/m2。随着试板浸海时间的延长,试板上污损生物群落的多样性明显增加,且结构也趋于稳定。     

1992—2012杭州湾海域生物多样性的变化趋势及原因分析

本文依据浙江省舟山海洋生态环境监测站(1992—2012年)20年的杭州湾生态环境质量监测数据,对杭州湾海洋生物多样性的现状及发展趋势进行了分析,并结合环境因子对生物多样性的变化原因进行了探讨。结果表明:杭州湾海域生物生存环境较为恶劣,生物多样性较低,生物群落结构简单,种类较少。20年间,杭州湾海域生物多样性的变化可大体分为2个阶段,第一阶段是20世纪90年代初至2000年,杭州湾生物群落的各项指标普遍呈现下降的趋势;第二阶段是2000年后至今,由于各项生态环境保护措施加强,杭州湾生物群落得到一定程度的恢复。相关性分析表明,DIN、DIP、COD和富营养化对杭州湾海域生物多样性产生了显著的影响。20年来杭州湾海域生物多样性的变化主要受人类活动的影响,污水排放导致的富营养化对生物多样性的丧失也有很大影响,滩涂围垦等沿海开发使海洋生物栖息地片段化,单调化,加速了生物多样性的降低。     

福建兴化湾大型底栖动物种类组成和生物多样性

为摸清福建兴化湾大型底栖动物的种类组成、生物多样性分布格局以及受扰动情况,于2013年7月、9月以及2014年2月、4月共四个航次进行了大型底栖动物调查。采用优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef’s丰富度指数和Pielou’s均匀度指数等方法,分析了该海域大型底栖动物的种类组成和生物多样性分布。结果表明,研究海域共鉴定出大型底栖动物132种,包括多毛类58种,甲壳类27种,软体动物33种,其他门类14种。四个季节的共同优势种均为多毛类,包括多鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys polybranchia),寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys oligobranchia),中蚓虫(Mediomastus californiensis)和异足索沙蚕(Lumbrineris heteropoda)。研究海域大型底栖动物的平均生物量为39.42g/m~2;平均栖息密度为311.67个/m~2;栖息密度和生物量平均值2014年4月最高(398个/m2,63.23g/m~2),2013年7月航次最低(252个/m2,7.77g/m~2)。不同站位,栖息密度和生物量不同。栖息密度最大值出现在1号站位(738个/m~2),最低值为12号站位(90个/m~2)。而生物量平均最大值出现在15号站位(108.17g/m~2),最低值出现在22号站位(8.72g/m~2)。丰富度指数、均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的平均值分别为2.81、0.87和2.73,这三个指数,9月份均为最大,分别为3.20、0.93、3.12,4月份最小,分别为2.09、0.78、2.05。生物多样性指数和丰富度指数均表明福建兴化湾大型底栖动物群落受到一定的扰动。     

A unified assessment of marine Mediterranean assemblages: a lesson from benthic hydroids

Hydroids are important components of the communities of rocky bottom shallow coastal areas. The hydrozoan fauna of the Mediterranean Sea is probably one of most investigated in the world, with lots of faunistic and biogeographical studies. However, quantitative studies using the same sampling methodology and controlled sampling effort have been restricted to areas in the Western and Central Mediterranean. We compared hydroid assemblages in four areas of the Mediterranean Sea, from the Gulf of Cádiz to the South Adriatic Sea, following the same sampling and quantification methodology. Our analysis showed the dominant Atlantic character of the assemblages of the Gulf of Cádiz and the South Alboran Sea because of the influence of the inflowing Atlantic waters. Conversely, the hydroid assemblages of the North Alboran Sea were more similar to the assemblages in the Ligurian and in the South Adriatic, and with a number of species ranking between the observed in these two Mediterranean zones. Fourteen species were identified as making the most significant contributions to characterizing the Mediterranean hydroid species pool from a quantitative point of view. These taxa include species previously named as typical components of the Mediterranean hydroid fauna as well as those only recently recorded in the region (Eudendrium moulouyensis) and invaders such as Clytia hummelincki.     

Impacts of temperature anomalies on mortality of benthic organisms in the Adriatic Sea

Recurrent climate‐induced mass mortality episodes have been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea over the past 15 years, affecting rocky benthic communities. In this study, we provide for the first time a report on the annual mortality events of benthic sessile invertebrates occurring in the eastern part of the Adriatic Sea. Over the course of 14 consecutive years, we studied the sea temperature gradient to a depth of 40 m and found an abnormal summer warming trend and an increased frequency of above‐average temperatures. Mortality events were recorded in the summers of 10 observed years, in particular in 2009, when the highest mortality rates were recorded. Late in summer 2009, extensive mass mortality of sessile invertebrates was observed in the entire Eastern Adriatic Sea. We performed an analysis of selected target benthic species associated with mass mortality events with inter‐regional differences in hydrological and temperature conditions. We were able to characterize the mortality event by studying five areas covering the northern, central and southern regions of the Eastern Adriatic Sea. The degree of impact on each study area was quantified at 28 sites by estimating the proportion of affected target species. According to the obtained data, the northern sites (Cres area) were the least affected, whereas sites in the Central and Southern Adriatic [Tela??ica and Lastovo Nature Parks, Mljet National Park (NP)] displayed the highest impact. In summer 2009, sea surface temperatures reached values of 28 °C in the Cres area and 30 °C in Mljet NP. These thermal conditions were concomitant with moderate to severe mass mortalities of benthic populations. Mass mortality events reached depths of 45 m in most parts of the affected areas. Amongst studied species, the scleractinian coral and gorgonian populations suffered the most extensive damage during the mass mortality events.