青岛近海春季大型底栖动物群落特征

分析2007年4月在青岛近海进行的大型底栖动物定量采集样品资料,研究了该海域大型底栖动物群落的优势种组成和物种多样性、生物量、丰度和群落等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)以及群落受污染扰动情况。本次调查中共获得青岛近海大型底栖动物89种,其中多毛类41种,甲壳动物32种,软体动物5种,棘皮动物6种,其它类群动物5种。群落中优势种以日本美人虾(Callianassa japonica)和日本倍棘蛇尾(Amphioplus japonicus)贡献率较高。平均生物量和丰度空间分布高值区均出现在近岸海域。群落结构聚类分析表明,15个取样站的群落结构相似性程度都非常低,为10%~30%,仅有S10站和S13站、S3站和S9站Bray-Curtis相似性系数达到40%。ABC曲线表明,S6,S7,S12,S13站的底栖动物群落已受到中度扰动,其它各站ABC曲线状态正常,表明底栖动物群落基本未受干扰,处于较稳定状态。     

Policy Contestation over the Ecosystem Services Approach in Sweden

Ecosystem services (ES) is an important approach to biodiversity protection in political rhetoric and policy practice, but it is also highly contested. This paper analyzes the introduction of ES in Swedish environmental policy and how it is contested by key stakeholders and discusses its implications for biodiversity governance. The results show that although ES is widely accepted on an abstract and conceptual level, critical features and functions are highly contested. These primarily concern the valuation of nature, appropriateness of different policy instruments, and institutional structures. The paper concludes that while the controversy surrounding ES fills an important role by reinvigorating debate and stimulating reflections on biodiversity loss, it also illustrates how ES is used to further particular values and beliefs and to challenge traditional biodiversity-protecting strategies. Understanding these policy controversies is central to addressing the challenges of transforming the promises of ES into practical policies.     

Local ecological knowledge demonstrates shifting baselines and the large-scale decline of sawfishes (Pristidae) in Tanzania

Sawfishes are coastally distributed rays that grow to very large sizes. All five species are assessed as Endangered or Critically Endangered as a result of population declines caused mainly by entanglements in fishing gear and by habitat degradation. Three species occur in the western Indian Ocean, but their populations are believed to have declined drastically in many areas and little is known about their presence in Tanzania. Fisher interviews were conducted to provide an overview of the status of sawfishes in Tanzania and to highlight where conservation actions should be focused to conserve sawfishes nationally. In total, 386 interviews were conducted: 296 at 31 villages in four regions on Tanzania’s mainland, and 90 interviews at 12 villages in four regions of Pemba Island. Less than half (46%) of the fishers were familiar with sawfishes and could identify one from a photograph. A precipitous decline in sawfish abundance in Tanzania could be inferred from the age-related decline in local knowledge of their existence; all fishers aged between 70 and 80 years were familiar with sawfishes, whereas only 10% of fishers younger than age 20 had ever heard of them. A total of 29 sawfish records were compiled, comprising 16 rostra and 14 catches that occurred between 2002 and 2014 (one record included both a catch and a rostrum). All rostra examined were from the largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis. Since 2002, the sawfish catches occurred in three locations, all on the mainland coast: in the southern Mtwara region, in the vicinity of the Rufiji Delta, and at Bagamoyo on the Zanzibar Channel. Interview data and rostra evidence suggest that the Rufiji Delta may be a largetooth sawfish nursery area, and confirmation of this should be a priority.     

Colonisation of South African kelp-bed canopies by the alien mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: extent and implications of a novel bioinvasion

The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is the most significant invasive alien marine species in South Africa and, although not normally found subtidally, has recently been observed colonising heads and stipes of the kelp species Ecklonia maxima in False Bay. We quantified this invasion and explored its ecological implications. Transects laid across kelp beds revealed that 10.34% of kelp individuals surveyed bore canopy mussels, with kelp heads (10.07%) being far more commonly infected than stipes (0.27%). Twenty kelp individuals with infected heads and 20 with infected stipes were separately collected for more-detailed examination. Wet mass of mussels on these kelp heads ranged from 2.5 to 2 462 g (median 86.4 g, interquartile range 14.8–353.8 g) and that of mussels on the stipes from 7.6 to 3 492 g (median 595.5 g, interquartile range 194.0–955.0 g). Mussel clumps consisted mostly of individuals <40 mm in length. Mussel clumps supported a rich biota of 80 invertebrate and 13 algal species. Larger clumps supported more epibiotic species, and those on stipes more species than those of comparable mass on kelp heads. The mussels and their associated epibiotic species negatively affected kelp buoyancy, but rarely enough to overcome natural buoyancy. Some kelp individuals that had been toppled by the weight of mussels and their epibiotic species, however, were encountered in situ. Implications of this invasion include large increases in animal biomass and species richness in the kelp canopy, plus reductions in kelp buoyancy and increased hydrodynamic drag on infected kelps, increasing their probability of being uprooted. Uprooted kelp individuals can raft long distances, potentially transporting both native and alien species to distant sites.     

荒漠草原区风力发电场建设前后的植被变化

调查了甘肃景泰荒漠草原区一处风电场基础设施建设和运行对植被的影响。结果表明:荒漠草原区百兆瓦级风力发电场建设造成直接植被生产力损失量为6.79 g·m^-2·a^-1,间接植被生产力损失量为91.43 g·m^-2·a^-1。随着扰动程度增加,物种丰富度降低,均匀度减小。在工程运行后,经历近10 a的自然恢复,核心扰动区虽然物种单一,但植被生产力是次级扰动区的两倍以上,为间接扰动区和未扰动区的50%和33%左右;而间接扰动区植被生产力仅为未扰动区的50%。总体上,风电工程扰动对区域植被的影响,不仅在于建设期对局地群落植被生产力的完全丧失,更重要的是在运行期间对周边大面积间接影响区群落植被生产力的大幅度降低,而且这种影响是长期和持续性的。     

土地分离与共享框架的研究现状及应用拓展

“土地分离”与“土地共享”是2种不同的土地利用思维方式,反映人类土地利用的决策选择。中国有大量包含土地分离和共享思维的实践,但缺乏将这些实践案例纳入统一体系的研究范式。土地分离与共享框架最初用来探索粮食生产与生物多样性保护的权衡关系。经过10多年的发展,其理论内涵和研究内容不断丰富,是地理资源与环境领域重要的研究议题。论文在解析土地分离与共享框架内涵的基础上,综述土地分离与共享框架的相关研究成果,探讨土地分离与土地共享的策略选择。研究发现土地分离与共享相关研究存在从农业环境主题向城市管理主题转化的趋势,而且除了强调单一生物多样性保护和农业生产外,还有少数研究开始关注碳储存、土壤保持等其他生态系统服务类型;尽管土地分离与土地共享策略各有其优势和局限,但在目前的研究和实践中,土地分离比土地共享更受青睐。论文基于土地的多功能性进一步扩展该框架在城市用地管理中的应用,可为复杂社会—生态系统可持续发展提供路径指导。     

Biodiversity and conservation in the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau (Qinghai-Xizang Plateau) is a unique biogeographic region in the world, where various landscapes, altitudinal belts, alpine ecosystems, and endangered and endemic species have been developed. A total of 26 altitudinal belts, 28 spectra of altitudinal belts, 12,000 species of vascular plant, 5,000 species of epiphytes, 210 species of mammals, and 532 species of birds have been recorded. The plateau is also one of the centers of species formation and differentiation in the world To protect the biodiversity of the plateau, about 80 nature reserves have been designated, of which 45 are national or provincial, covering about 22% of the plateau area. Most of the nature reserves are distributed in the southeastern plateau. Recently, the Chinese government has initiated the “Natural Forests Protection Project of China,” mainly in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. “No logging” policies have been made and implemented for these areas.     

华南地区稻鸭共作系统节肢动物群落多样性的研究

在稻鸭共作系统中,鸭子在田间的觅食活动对稻田系统中节肢动物群落可能产生的影响已引起了较多关注。本研究通过设置稻鸭共作（RD）、常规稻作（CC）和对照（cK）3-ff处理的小区试验来研究稻鸭共作对稻田节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,稻鸭共作和常规稻作处理区中节肢动物群落的个体数比空白区均有不同程度的减少;稻鸭共作处理区节肢动物群落的个体数、Simpson指数（D）和Shannon指数（H’）均高于常规稻作区;在晚稻生长的分蘖期和孕穗期,稻鸭共作处理区节肢动物群落的个体数、丰富度指数（R）、D、和H’均高于常规稻作区。稻鸭共作有利于维持稻田系统中节肢动物群落的多样性。与施用化学农药和肥料所引起的节肢动物群落丰富度和多样性降低相比,稻鸭共作对稻田节肢动物群落的多样性影响相对较低。