钙、铁、铝形态对岩溶石灰土磷有效性的影响

为揭示钙、铁、铝形态与岩溶地区土壤磷有效性关系,通过改进的BCR元素形态连续提取法获取石灰土不同发育阶段土壤矿质元素赋存形态,并分析与总磷及速效磷含量之间的相关关系。初步研究表明:石灰土壤中全磷和速效磷在石灰土发育过程呈降低趋势,从黑色石灰土到黄色石灰土,总磷降低了76.7%,速效磷减少了84.7%。石灰土总磷与速效磷同酸溶态、可还原态及残渣态钙,可氧化态铁、铝和可还原态铝显著正相关,而同总铁、总铝以及残渣态铝显著负相关,相关系数绝对值均达到0.9以上。随着石灰土发育进行,钙总量及其形态均降低,而铝、铁总量和形态呈增加趋势,可能导致岩溶地区石灰土磷及其有效性缺乏越发突出。      

一种特殊瘤状灰岩的成因研究

关于瘤状灰岩的成因主要有三种观点,其中一种认为与碳酸盐结核有关,另一种则认为是差异压实所为,再一种则认为是同沉积作用形成。然而,广西德保县都安下泥盆统达莲塘组发育的一种特殊的瘤状灰岩却因其产状貌似通常意义的砾状灰岩而使得人们将其误认为砾状灰岩。作者通过对这套“砾状灰岩”的沉积岩石学、生物化石、古构造等特征的研究,发现该“砾状灰岩”既不是沉积作用形成,也非同沉积构造作用形成,而是首先在闭塞的台内洼槽环境中形成同生和成岩碳酸盐结核,然后差异压实作用导致地层表面强烈地凹凸不平或地层整体的不均匀性 (致使强度降低 ),最后在印支期的穹隆形成过程中由于翼部的剪切、弯滑、弯流作用,致使结核发生转动、移动而形成今天所见的“砾状灰岩”。因此都安“砾状灰岩”实为瘤状灰岩,它代表的是闭塞、贫氧的 (台内洼槽 )沉积-成岩环境,是沉积成岩和构造等多种因素共同作用的产物。     

Static and Dynamic Moduli of the Seismogenic Layer in Italy

Summary Static and dynamic elastic moduli of Calcare Massiccio (mudstone-limestone) have been measured as a function of frequency over nine decades, using three different standard methods: uniaxial static compression, dual cantilever forced oscillations, and measurement of ultrasonic velocities. An accurate critical comparison using the same techniques on a poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) material shows that an unresolvable 10 to 20% bias exists in the two low frequency standard techniques, whereas the ultrasonic measurements are more accurate and reproducible within 5%. No significant frequency dependence is found for Calcare Massiccio, which gives a Youngs modulus of (75±7) GPa and a Poisson#x2019;s ratio of (0.28#x2009;#x00B1;#x2009;0.02).     

袖阀管注浆技术在灰岩地层中的应用

为保证灰岩地基处理中充填物能够与周围环境固结成为一个整体，且具有一定的强度，本次地基处理工程采用了袖阀管注浆和双液注浆相结合的方法，使其充填物在灰岩地基中形成树枝状、叶面状等的水泥结块，从而提高桩端下卧持力层稳定性及处理体的承载力。     

库鲁克塔格地区巷古勒塔格组瘤状灰岩及其沉积环境

新疆库鲁克塔格地区巷古勒塔格组发育瘤状灰岩,是一种深水沉积序列.本区瘤状灰岩形成于台缘斜坡带,滑塌重力流改造原岩形态,并分为富泥型、过渡型及富灰型3种类型.富泥型瘤状灰岩沉积在CCD线之下,受深度海水溶解作用改造.过渡型瘤状灰岩形成在CCD附近,受海底底流和深度海水溶解的双重作用改造.富灰型瘤状灰岩形成在CCD之上,受周期性的重力流作用的改造和海底底流的溶解作用.岩性组合表明,早奥陶世库鲁克塔格地区处于迅速海侵阶段.     

Limestone assimilation and the origin of CO2 emissions at the Alban Hills (Central Italy): Constraints from experimental petrology

The Alban Hills volcanic region (20 km south of Rome, in the Roman Province) emitted a large volume of potassic magmas (> 280 km³) during the Quaternary. Chemical interactions between ascending magmas and the ∼ 7000–8000-m-thick sedimentary carbonate basement are documented by abundant high temperature skarn xenoliths in the eruptive products and have been frequently corroborated by geochemical surveys. In this paper we characterize the effect of carbonate assimilation on phase relationships at 200 MPa and 1150–1050 °C by experimental petrology. Calcite and dolomite addition promotes the crystallization of Ca-rich pyroxene and Mg-rich olivine respectively, and addition of both carbonates results in the desilication of the melt. Furthermore, carbonate assimilation liberates a large quantity of CO₂-rich fluid. A comparison of experimental versus natural mineral, glass and bulk rock compositions suggests large variations in the degree of carbonate assimilation for the different Alban Hills eruptions. A maximum of 15 wt.% assimilation is suggested by some melt inclusion and clinopyroxene compositions; however, most of the natural data indicate assimilation of between 3 and 12 wt.% carbonate. Current high CO₂ emissions in this area most likely indicate that such an assimilation process still occurs at depth. We calculate that a magma intruding into the carbonate basement with a rate of ∼ 1 – 2 · 10⁶ m³/year, estimated by geophysical studies, and assimilating 3–12 wt.% of host rocks would release an amount of CO₂ matching the current yearly emissions at the Alban Hills. Our results strongly suggest that current CO₂ emissions in this region are the shallow manifestation of hot mafic magma intrusion in the carbonate-hosted reservoir at 5–6 km depth, with important consequences for the present-day volcanic hazard evaluation in this densely populated and historical area.     

Settlement and colonization of epi‐endobenthic communities on calcareous substrata in an underwater archaeological site

Underwater archaeological sites represent assets of great value that are subjected to physical and biological stresses. The study of biological settlement on calcareous substrata is the first step to understanding the biodeterioration processes that take place on man‐made structures (marble, statues, columns and other architectonic elements) in marine environments. To accomplish this objective, calcareous panels (30 × 30 × 2 cm) were immersed for 3, 6, 9 and 12 months along a north?south transect in marine protected areas of Baia (Naples). Both epilithic and endolithic assemblages were analysed: the latter was observed by scanning electron microscope after the cast‐embedding technique had been used. After 1 year the epilithic community was still changing, with algae and pioneer species overgrown by encrusting organisms, and the endolithic assemblage dominated by cyanobacteria/chlorophyte traces. Changes of epilithics lead changes on endolithics. The initial phototrophic borers were replaced by more sciophilous and competitive species; moreover, the first macroboring organisms arrived after the settlement of grazers. After 12 months of immersion, the rate of bioerosion was high, the material was deeply bored and all of the limestone surface was heavily covered.     

四川盆地元坝地区下侏罗统介壳灰岩储层分布预测

四川盆地下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段一亚段(大一亚段)灰岩是元坝地区主要产气层。岩心、薄片、物性资料、试油、录井、测井、地震资料综合研究表明,大一亚段灰岩主要为介壳灰岩和含泥介壳灰岩,介壳灰岩平均孔隙度236%,平均渗透率为002×10-3 μm2,含泥介壳灰岩平均孔隙度为459%,平均渗透率为021×10-3 μm2。介壳灰岩为浅湖亚相高能滩微相沉积,含泥介壳灰岩为浅湖亚相次高能滩微相沉积。地震波形分类上,以介壳灰岩为主的高能滩微相为高连续低频中强波谷反射,以含泥介壳灰岩为主的次高能滩微相为高连续低频中弱振幅波谷反射。高连续低频中强振幅波谷反射和高连续低频中弱振幅波谷反射以SW-NE向分布于研究区中央地带。以伽马值大于46 API为门槛值剔除泥岩、泥质粉砂岩等,得到介壳灰岩和含泥介壳灰岩的伽马数据体。精细刻画了高能滩微相介壳灰岩和次高能滩微相含泥介壳灰岩的分布范围,新增天然气有利区面积518 km2,为元坝地区大安寨段天然气储量和产量的增加奠定了坚实的基础。     

碳酸盐岩(鲕粒灰岩)最小压实量定量评价新方法——以大巴山断褶带下三叠统飞仙关组鲕粒灰岩为例

为了定量研究碳酸盐岩压实量,通过对大巴山断褶带下三叠统野外露头鲕粒灰岩样品,以及其中的鲕粒形态的观察与研究,认为样品中鲕粒的碟状形态是压实(压应力)作用所形成的,而且鲕粒的这种碟状形态是确认鲕粒灰岩压实作用最直观、最可靠的依据。探讨了不同成因的异形鲕粒的鉴别方法,提出了用压实变形的鲕粒来定量评价压实量的方法。考虑到鲕粒在开始变形以前还会存在一定的压实,样品中的鲕粒灰岩的最小压实量可达41.7%。     

茜素红染色技术应用于川西北中二叠统栖霞组豹斑灰岩流体包裹体测温研究

碳酸盐岩流体包裹体测温过程中宿主矿物的准确鉴别和包裹体形成期次的确定尤为关键,将包裹体测温与其他技术结合才能更好地解决包裹体的生源和属性。本文以川西北中二叠统栖霞组豹斑灰岩晶洞充填物中鞍形白云石和方解石为研究对象,在岩石学特征研究确定二者形成顺序基础上,借助茜素红染色正确区分流体包裹体的宿主矿物。研究结果表明,染色剂的使用对流体包裹体测温结果无影响,染色前后包裹体的均一化温度测量差值在1℃以内,而染色剂配制比例(尤其是盐酸浓度)、染色时间和染色液清除方式是茜素红染色技术能否成功应用于碳酸盐岩流体包裹体测温的关键。本研究准确获得了鞍形白云石和分布于鞍形白云石晶间和晶内的方解石的包裹体均一化温度,分别集中在110~190℃和70~130℃区间,二者具有40~60℃的温度差。研究认为,方解石的沉淀时间晚于鞍形白云石,鞍形白云石的沉淀可能与峨眉山玄武岩喷发热事件有关,热事件后的温度降低导致鞍形白云石的溶解并伴随方解石的沉淀。