Partial EIV模型的解法

提出了一种求解partial errors-in-variables(partial EIV)模型的思路。通过对partial EIV模型的部分元素进行移项,重组成新形式下的平差函数模型,两次运用间接平差原理分别求解平差参数与系数矩阵中的随机元素,把总体最小二乘平差问题转化为最小二乘平差问题,并通过适当变换提高了新解法的收敛速度。最后分别采用实测数据和模拟数据进行验证,求解了本文算法与已有算法的估值结果。算例结果表明,本文算法能取得与已有算法相同的结果,是切实可行的。     

Shenzhou-4 spaceborne altimeter waveform processing and significant wave height retrieval

1IntroductionSZ-4spaceborne,launched on30December2002,is the fourth unmanned spaceborne of China.Multimode microwave remote sensor is its primaryload,of which the altimeter mode is the most impor-tant one.During about five months,a large numberofSZ-4altim…     

A goodness of fit measure related to r2 for model performance assessment

Checking the predictive worth of an environmental model inevitably includes a goodness of fit metric to quantify the degree of matching to recorded data, thereby giving a measure of model performance. Considerable analysis and discussion have taken place over fit indices in hydrology, but a neglected aspect is the degree of communicability to other disciplines. It is suggested that a fit index is best communicated to colleagues via reference to models giving unbiased predictions, because unbiased environmental models are a desirable goal across disciplines. That is, broad recognition of a fit index is aided if it simplifies in the unbiased case to a familiar and logical expression. This does not hold for the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency E which reduces to the somewhat awkward unbiased expression E = 2 – 1/r², where r² is the coefficient of determination. A new goodness of fit index V is proposed for model validation as V = r²/(2‐E), which simplifies to the easily communicated V = r⁴ in the unbiased case. The index is defined over the range 0 ≤ V ≤ 1, and it happens that V < E for larger values of E. Some synthetic and recorded data sets are used to illustrate characteristics of V in comparison to E. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A CLIMATOLOGY OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

Based on best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis, a climatology of western North Pacific extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) is presented in this paper. It was found that 35% (318 out of 912) of all TCs underwent ET during 1979–2008. The warm-season (June through September) ETs account for 64% of all ET events with the most occurrence in September. The area 120°E–150°E and 20°N–40°N is the most favorable region for ET onsets in western North Pacific. The TCs experience ET at latitudes 30°N–40°N and have the greatest intensity in contrast to other latitude bands. The distribution of ET onset locations shows obviously meridional migration in different seasons. A cyclone phase space (CPS) method was used to analyze the TC evolution during ET. Except for some cases of abnormal ET at relatively high latitudes, typical phase evolution paths—along which TC firstly showed thermal asymmetry and an upper-level cold core and then lost its low-level warm core—can be used to describe the main features of ET processes in western North Pacific. Some seasonal variations of ET evolution paths in CPS were also found at low latitudes south of 15°N, which suggests different ET onset mechanisms there. Further composite analysis concluded that warm-season ETs have generally two types of evolutions, but only one type in cold season (October through next May). The first type of warm-season ETs has less baroclinicity due to long distance between the TC and upper-level mid-latitude system. However, significant interactions between a mid-latitude upper -level trough and TC, of either approaching or being absorbed into the trough, and TC’s relations with downstream and upstream upper-level jets, are the fingerprints for both a second type of warm-season ETs and almost all the cold-season ETs. For each type of ETs, detailed structural characteristics as well as precipitation distribution are illustrated by latitude.     

Application of the WEPP model for prioritization and evaluation of best management practices in an Indian watershed

The pre‐calibrated and validated physically based watershed model, water erosion prediction project (WEPP) was used as a modelling tool for the identification of critical watersheds and evaluation of best management practices for a small hilly watershed (Karso) of India. The land use/cover of the study area was generated using IRS‐1C LISS‐III (linear imaging self scanner) satellite data. The watershed and sub‐watershed boundaries, drainage, slope and soil map of the study area were generated using ARC/INFO geographic information system (GIS). The WEPP model was finally applied to the Karso watershed which lies within Damodar Barakar catchment of India to identify the critical sub‐watersheds on the basis of their simulated average annual sediment yields. Priorities were fixed on the basis of ranks assigned to each critical sub‐watershed based on the susceptibility to erosion. The sub‐watershed having the highest sediment yield was assigned a priority number 1, the next highest value was assigned a priority number 2, and so on. Subsequently, the model was used for evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices (crop and tillage) for conservation of soil for all the sub‐watersheds. On the basis of this study, it is realized that cash crops like soyabean should be encouraged in the upland portion of the sub‐watersheds, and the existing tillage practice (country plough/mould board plough) may be replaced by a field cultivation system for conservation of soil and water in the sub‐watersheds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宕昌水管倾斜仪测量结果的动态特征研究

介绍了甘肃省宕昌形变台ＦＳＱ型浮于水管倾斜仪１９９０．７～１９９４．３期间的测量结果，分析了该台倾斜固体潮潮汐因子和非潮汐曲线及其残差曲线的动态特征。     

Nonlinear fitting method of long-term distributions for statistical analysis of extreme negative surge elevations

1　Introduction　Thestormsurgeduetoamovingmeteorologicalde pressioncausesabnormalchangesofseasurfaceeleva tion ,includingthenegativesurgeelevations .Hydro logicfrequencyanalysisofnegativesurgeelevationsplaysanimportantroleinmarinestructuredesignanddisasterprevention .Thedeterminationofthedesignparameterswillgreatlyaffecttheplanningofnaviga tion .Variousstudieshavecontributedvaluablefind ingstothistopic (e.g.CarterandChallenor ,1981;IsaacsonandMacKenzie ,1981;Muir ,1986 ;Goda ,1988;Vledder …     

基于曲线拟合的线要素综合数据整体处理方法

讨论了线要素综合后数据的整体处理与按弧段分区平差两种解算方案，详细推导了按弧段分区平差解算的各种条件方程。通过算例验证，本方法是合理的、实用的。     

最短路径算法用于城市公交出行路径最优化

介绍了经典Dijk st ra算法的主要思想快速实现方法，指出了公交网络不同于一般的道路网络的特点，给出了选择公交出行路径的算法思想。     

基于栅格数据的最佳路径分析方法研究

讨论了基于栅格数据的最佳路径分析方法。该方法利用Dijistra算法的基本思路和“节点／联系”模型,首先通过8邻域像元算出每个像元到源像元的最小权距离,然后计算后向连接值,最后根据累积权距离栅格和后向连接栅格计算出最佳路径。本结合实例讲述了应用Arc/Info的GRID模块进行最佳路径分析的方法和步骤,并提出了改进算法的研究思路。