多尺度DEM提取地势起伏度的对比分析——以福建低山丘陵区为例

坡度和起伏度是地形描述中最常用的参数,它们能快速、直观地反映地势起伏特征;坡度是划分平原和非平原的重要依据之一,地势起伏度可进一步划分台地、丘陵、小起伏山地、中起伏山地和大起伏山地等类型,基本地貌类型就是由海拔和起伏度两个指标确定的形态类型,它是遥感解译划分更详细地貌类型的基础。本研究以福建省1∶25万和1∶10万的DEM为实验数据,计算坡度划分平原和山地大区,其临界坡度值约为3°;利用ArcG IS空间分析中栅格窗口递增方法,对应不同尺度的DEM,计算地势起伏度,确定研究区的最佳分析窗口面积为4.41km²,得出中国低山丘陵区计算基本地貌形态类型的最佳尺度DEM为1∶25万比例尺,而1∶10万比例尺DEM适用于没有连绵起伏的更小范围的低山丘陵区;利用已有研究成果得出不同尺度DEM计算地势起伏度与最佳格网单元之间的函数关系。该研究对提取我国低山丘陵区基本地貌形态类型具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Covariance function diagnostics for spatial linear models

Case deletion diagnostics are developed for detecting observations that are influential in estimating the covariance function of a spatial random field. Diagnostics are developed within the context of universal kriging. Computational formulae are given that make the procedures feasible and the diagnostics are illustrated in an example.     

论1998年全国大学生数模竞赛A题的若干问题

对于1998年全国大学生教模竞争A题（CMCM－98竞争A题）的解答有许多争议，如：风险－收益曲线是否为折线？若是，应分成几段？用收益－风险最大模型是否合理？偏好系数模型的正确答案是什么？本文对CMCM－98竞争A题进行全面求解，并详细讨论了上述问题。     

Geostatistical interpolation of chemical concentration

Measurements of contaminant concentration at a hazardous waste site typically vary over many orders of magnitude and have highly skewed distributions. This work presents a practical methodology for the estimation of solute concentration contour maps and volume averages (needed for mass calculations) from data obtained from the analysis of water and soil samples. The methodology, which is an extension of linear geostatistics, produces a point estimate, i.e., a representative value, as well as a confidence interval, which contains the true value with a given probability. The approach uses a parsimonious model that accounts for the skewness by adding only one parameter to those used in linear geostatistics (variograms or generalized covariances). The resulting nonlinear kriging method is not substantially more difficult to use than linear geostatistics. The methodology is most appropriate when concentration measurements are available on a reasonably dense grid and no additional information (based on modeling flow and transport) can be used. We present and illustrate through an application, a practical approach to estimate all the parameters needed and to select and test the model.     

GPS基准站坐标分量噪声的时间序列与分类特征

根据地震预测对异常信息(长期、中期和短期异常)与噪声分离(白噪声、闪烁噪声和随机漫步噪声)的需要,文中应用小波方法对中国大陆的有关GPS基准站坐标分量和测站间坐标分量进行了分离,并将它们归纳为四类高频、中频、较低频和低频。通过对高频、中频和较低频的时间序列特征进行分类分析,获得如下看法:①高频类可能主要是白噪声造成的,其离散的程度较中频类略大,或许其中在某时刻包含临震前兆和震时形变信息;②中频类主要突出闪烁噪声的特征,或许其中在某时刻包含着短临前兆信息;③较低频类若剔除年和半年周期成分则显示随机漫步噪声的特点,或许其中包含着中期前兆信息;④低频类主要体现趋势性形变信息;⑤高频与中频类噪声的大小一般与观测季节明显有关,噪声最大的时段大约是8月份,噪声最小的时段大约是2月份;⑥判定不同频域信息的显著性时,其噪声要进行相应的综合或分离;⑦一定的空间域内的测站间坐标增量噪声平均小于测站相应坐标的噪声,而且噪声大小随时间的变化更加突出,甚至相差达一倍以上。这些可能说明,虽然这些噪声是GPS观测所固有的,但并非完全是独立的,测站间越近,共性的成分越突出。所有这些将为我们变形分析时信息显著性的判断、方法的选择、资料处理时权的确定、观测的最佳时段选择、跟踪监测方案制定和参考基准站的确定等提供重要的参考。     

Suspended solid yield from forest harvesting on upland blanket peat

Forest harvesting activities, if not carefully carried out, can disturb the forest soils and can cause significant suspended solid concentration increases in receiving water. This study examined how harvesting, following forestry guidelines, influenced suspended solid concentrations and loads in the receiving water of a blanket peat salmonid catchment. The study site comprised of two forest coupes of 34‐year‐old conifers drained by a first‐order stream. The upper coupe was not felled and acted as a baseline ‘control’ catchment; the downstream coupe was completely harvested in summer 2005 and served as the ‘experimental’ catchment. Good management practices such as the proper use of brash mats and harvesting only in dry weather were implemented to minimize soil surface disturbance and streambank erosion. Stream flow and suspended solid measurements at an upstream station (US) and a downstream station (DS) in the study stream commenced over a year before felling took place. The suspended solid concentrations, yields and release patterns at US and DS were compared before and after harvesting. These showed that post‐guideline harvesting of upland blanket peat forest did not significantly increase the suspended solid concentrations in the receiving water and the aquatic zone need not be adversely affected by soil releases from sites without a buffer strip. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沙尘预报客观检验中最优实况资料和圆插值半径选择研究

使用2012～2014年每年3～5月CUACE（China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment）模式地面沙尘浓度格点预报产品,预报员预报等级产品、实况地面观测沙尘等级和特征站观测PM10（空气动力学当量直径小于等于10 μm的颗粒物,即可吸入颗粒物）资料,并针对CUACE模式格点产品,选取不同半径对格点产品进行圆插值,从而对2012～2014年共25次沙尘过程值,采取3年总样本计算TS（Threat Score）评分,对格点产品适合的圆插值半径和预报产品适合的检验实况资料进行研究,结论如下:（1）如实况采用沙尘等级,模式插值半径与TS评分在浮尘或扬沙等级成近似线性下降关系,而在沙尘暴以上等级TS评分与插值半径关系几乎不大,最优插值半径可选为最小插值半径0.5°（经度/纬度）;如实况采用PM10资料,TS评分在浮尘或扬沙等级根据半径不同变化较为剧烈,沙尘暴以上等级TS评分与插值半径关系不大,可以采用浮尘或扬沙平均线3.5°为平均最优插值半径。如果沙尘过程较弱,插值半径可适当减小,以1°最合适;（2）对CUACE模式预报产品,沙尘等级观测TS评分可用性要优于PM10资料,但两者在沙尘暴以上等级评分差别不大,总体上CUACE模式最优检验实况资料可选为沙尘等级观测资料。对预报员沙尘预报产品,观测沙尘等级TS评分要远高于PM10,预报员沙尘预报产品最优检验实况资料为观测沙尘等级资料。     

火箭防雹技术探讨及研究

通过对火箭催化剂性能和撒播特点的分析、确定催化剂播撒最佳温度层和高度的方法、火箭防雹作业部位和火箭发射时的角度,提出火箭防雹作业用弹量的近似计算方法,尽可能地避免或减少损失,科学、高效地完成防雹减灾作业。     

稳健最优不变二次无偏估计

导出了稳健最优不变二次无偏估计、稳健最小范数二次无偏估计、稳健Helmert估计,并说明了最优不变二次无偏估计、最小范数二次无偏估计以及Helmert估计等均是稳健最优不变二次无偏估计的特例。     

基于最佳抵偿法建立任意带坐标系的研究

阐述了城市坐标系统的类型及其选择方式,导出了最佳抵偿任意带坐标系方法的计算公式,解决了城市发展建设中坐标系统不统一的问题。