水中可溶气态烃和苯系物联测的新技术

地下水中的可溶气态烃和苯系物是水化学找油法的直接指标。应用直接抽取法,在色谱仪上同时测试C1—C4的烃类气体和苯系物,与传统的测试方法相比,具有无毒、无污染、简便、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好、自动化程度高的特点,有较高的实用价值。     

原油裂解过程中正构烷烃的组成变化特征及其地球化学意义

采用高温模拟技术,对原油样品进行模拟实验,并对其裂解过程中正构烷烃的组成和变化特征进行了地球化学研究。结果表明,原油大量裂解生成气态烃之前,原油中的高分子量正构烷烃已经开始裂解,以C1+5烃类裂解成C6～C14化合物为主。随成熟度的增加,C6～C14化合物进一步转化为C1～C5化合物,并伴随苯系物的产出,最终形成甲烷和裂解沥青。在正构烷烃的裂解过程中,苯及其同系物的丰度呈明显增加趋势,可以作为原油裂解程度的潜在判识标志。此外,利用同样的实验条件对正十六烷进行了对比模拟实验,其产物的组成和变化特征与原油中正构烷烃的基本相同。     

苯酚和十二烷基苯磺酸钠对奥尼罗非鱼的急性毒性及安全评价

用苯酚和十二烷基苯磺酸钠对奥尼罗非鱼进行急性毒性实验,以评价其在水环境中对奥尼罗非鱼的影响。研究表明:苯酚对奥尼罗非鱼的24、48、96 h的LC50分别为40.33、34.23、28.07 mg/L,十二烷基苯磺酸钠分别为10.06、9.14、8.48 mg/L;苯酚对奥尼罗非鱼SC及最大容许浓度MPC分别为2.807、0.281 mg/L,十二烷基苯磺酸钠对奥尼罗非鱼SC为0.848 mg/L,最大容许浓度MPC为0.085 mg/L。     

水环境中苯系污染物的分析研究进展

苯系污染物(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)是环境中重点优先监测的致癌污染物。文章介绍了近年来国内外在水环境中苯系污染物的分析研究进展,内容主要包括:胶束电动毛细管色谱法(MECC)、吹扫捕集-气相色谱法(PT-GC)、吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用法(PT-GC-MS)、顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)-便携式微火焰离子化(portable GC-μFID)等联测分析技术与方法。     

Needle trap-顶空进样-气相色谱法分析地下水中的苯系物

利用Needle trap集现场采样、无溶剂提取和热解吸进样等多功能为一体的特点,针对密闭的20mL顶空样品瓶(10mL样品),通过优化提取温度、样品平衡时间、注射器推杆循环抽拉体积、加盐量及现场采样保存时间等条件,确定了Needletrap吸附提取地下水中7种苯系物的最佳条件,用顶空进样气相色谱法测定,方法加标回收率为84.27%～115.03%,检出限为0.06～0.09μg/L,精密度(RSD,n=7)<7%,符合EPA相关标准。建立的方法表明Needle trap适用于地下水中苯系物的提取分析。     

Analysis of benzene transport in a two‐dimensional aquifer model

In this study, the fate and transport of aqueous benzene was investigated in a laboratory‐scale homogeneous aquifer by conducting a two‐dimensional plume test. Benzene solution was introduced as a pulse type along the width of the aquifer model through a recharge zone situated at the upper‐left part of the model and followed by a steady state flow. Solution samples were collected at various locations on the front side of the model to capture two‐dimensional plumes at discrete time intervals. The benzene plumes showed a moderate retardation relative to chloride plumes observed from the previous study conducted for the same aquifer model. The retardation factor was obtained from the ratio of travel distances of benzene peaks to chloride peaks from the injection point, computed using a line integral method. Mass recovery of aqueous benzene revealed that there was a significant reduction of benzene mass, indicating the occurrence of volatilization and/or irreversible sorption during transport. Thus, retardation along with volatilization and/or irreversible sorption may be important processes affecting the fate and transport of aqueous benzene in the aquifer model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantification of irreversible benzene sorption in sandy materials

Based on a previous study of the irreversible sorption of benzene in sandy aquifer materials, we further investigated a method to quantify an irreversible sorption coefficient of aqueous benzene. Assuming that the rate of irreversible loss from the solution to the sorption sites followed first‐order kinetics, the irreversible sorption coefficient was derived from a kinetic batch sorption test conducted for an appropriate soil‐to‐solution ratio to reflect the flow conditions imposed on a column test. Simulation results revealed that the irreversible sorption coefficient estimated from the kinetic batch test provided a good agreement with the measured data obtained from the column test, indicating that the method proposed in this study can be used to quantify the irreversible sorption coefficient. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠—乙二胺对原油的乳化影响

为解决化学驱油体系中无机碱引起地层黏土膨胀、注采系统结垢等问题,充分发挥碱的作用,降低由传统无机碱带来的不利影响,以乙二胺(EDA)作为碱剂,与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)复配,与孤东油田原油制备乳状液,考察温度、含水率、SDBS及EDA单独使用和复配使用时的质量分数、乙醇助剂等因素对乳状液的影响,使用析水率和微观结构观测相结合的方法分析乳状液的稳定性.结果表明,当温度低于70℃时,随着温度的升高,原油黏度下降很快;乳状液黏度随含水率的增大先升高后降低,含水率为50%时的黏度最高;50℃、油水质量比为1∶1时,质量分数不超过0.100%的SDBS和EDA单独使用时乳状液的析水率达到50%以上,乳化油滴数量较少;二者复配使用时乳状液的析水率可降至38%,且乳化油滴数量多,稳定性增强;质量分数为0.100%的乙醇助剂的加入可进一步使乳状液的析水率降至30%.     

典型石油烃组分在地下水中的自然衰减规律

为了解石油烃类污染物在地下水中的自然衰减规律,以苯、萘、菲作为目标污染物,采用实验场地4种天然砂土作为含水层介质进行了室内模拟实验。结果表明：在单组分和混合组分溶液中,苯、萘和菲在地下含水层介质中的自然衰减均符合一级动力学方程;在不同含水层介质中,苯和萘的衰减速率大小顺序为粉砂>中砂≈粗砂>砾砂,而菲的自然衰减速率大小顺序为粉砂≈中砂≈粗砂>砾砂;微生物降解在苯和萘的自然衰减中起重要作用,而固相吸附在菲的自然衰减中起重要作用。3种物质共存时,苯和萘的自然衰减加快,菲的自然衰减减慢。