金川露天矿高边坡的反射地震CT探测研究

高边坡的岩体结构和稳定性研究是工程地质研究的一个重要课题。本次探测使用高分辨率数字地震仪和反射地震CT方法,对金川露天矿高边坡的岩体结构进行了深入细致的探测与研究,清楚地揭示了边坡岩体中优势结构面的产状和组合关系,以及边坡表层松动带厚度分布,未发现顺坡软弱岩层。     

一种利用积分球原理的日照计新方案

该文提出了一种利用积分球原理设计的新型日照传感器。该传感器由限角挡环、积分球体和光电探测器组成。积分球为一有5个针孔的空心正球体。针孔可阻挡散射光进入球内，而射入球内的直射光，经内壁多次漫反射后，其亮度呈均匀分布。与日照阈值下相应的亮度相比较可确定日照之有无。该日照传感器具有无转动部件、结构简单、无需调整及便于操作等优点。     

High-Resolution Seismic Reflection Evidence for Middle Holocene Environmental Change, Owasco Lake, New York

Approximately 70 km of new decimeter-resolution seismic reflection profile data from Owasco Lake, New York define a middle Holocene (4600 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) erosion surface in the north end of the lake at water depths as great as 26 m. Beneath the lake, post-glacial sediments are up to 9 m thick and represent about 10% of the total sediment fill. Early to middle Holocene sediments, 6 m thick, contain biogenic gas at the south end of the basin and a large (4 km×300 m×15 m) subaqueous slide deposit along the east-central portion of the lake. Late Holocene sediments are thinner or absent, particularly at the north end of the lake. The middle Holocene erosion surface may have been produced by a drop in lake level. Alternatively, it may represent a change in climate during the transition between the relatively warm Holocene hypsithermal and cool neoglacial. At this time (4600 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) circulation in Owasco Lake appears to have evolved from sluggish to active. The increased circulation, which persists today, probably resulted from atmospheric cold fronts with strong southwesterly winds that piled up water at the north end of the lake. The increased water circulation may have been ultimately driven by decreasing insolation, which produced an increased pole-to-equator thermal gradient and, thus, stronger global winds that began at the transition between the hypsithermal and neoglacial.     

High-resolution structures of the Landers fault zone inferred from aftershock waveform data

High-frequency body waves recorded by a temporary seismic array across the surface rupture trace of the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake were used to determine fault-zone structures down to the seismogenic depth. We first developed a technique to use generalized ray theory to compute synthetic seismograms for arbitrarily oriented tabular low-velocity fault-zone models. We then generated synthetic waveform record sections of a linear array across a vertical fault zone. They show that both arrival times and waveforms of P and S waves vary systematically across the fault due to transmissions and reflections from boundaries of the low-velocity fault zone. The waveform characteristics and arrival-time patterns in the record sections allow us to locate the boundaries of the fault zone and to determine its P - and S -wave velocities independently as well as its depth extent. Therefore, the trade-off between the fault-zone width and velocities can be avoided. Applying the method to the Landers waveform data reveals a low-velocity zone with a width of 270–360 m and a 35–60 per cent reduction in P and S velocities relative to the host rock. The analysis suggests that the low-velocity zone extends to a depth of ∼7 km. The western boundary of the low-velocity zone coincides with the observed main surface rupture trace.     

Modelling and inversion of single-ended refraction data from the shot gathers of multifold deep seismic reflection profiling—an approach for deriving the shallow velocity structure

A multifold crustal-scale deep seismic near-vertical reflection profile generates a large number of single-ended shot gathers, which provide redundant data sets because of overlapping coverage of the shallow refractors. We present an approach for deriving the shallow velocity structure by modelling and inversion of single-ended seismic refraction first arrival traveltime data. We apply this method to a data set acquired with a 12-km long spread with 100 m spacing of shots and receivers, of the Neoproterozoic Marwar basin in the NW Indian shield. The approach is shown to be quite successful for delineating the shallow refractor depths, steep dips and velocities, even in the absence of regular reverse refraction profiles. The study reveals two-layered sedimentary formations, Malani volcanics and a complicated basement configuration of the Marwar basin, and provides a measure of resolution and uncertainty of the estimated model parameters. A seismic section of the near-trace gather is found to be qualitatively consistent with the derived structural features of the basin. The relative highs and lows, observed in the Bouguer gravity profile, further corroborate the derived velocity model. The present approach can be especially useful in offshore areas and elsewhere, where the single-ended multifold seismic profiles are the only available data sets.     

水与流体饱和孔隙介质界面上非镜面反射声场的实验研究

用光学法和发射-接收法研究了水与流体饱和孔隙介质界面上声波的非镜面反射声场．测量了入射角θ_i为16°－80°范围内的反射系数R，记录了θ_i在Rayleigh波临界角θ_c附近±4°范围内两束反射波的反射角、波束位移△、波形和频谱．实验发现：(1)在θ_c附近±4°范围内，观察到θ_i两束反射波A和B，其中波束B沿界面有波束位移△，实验测出△随θ_i增大而减小，并非在θ_i=θ_c时最大．(2)反射角等于θ_i的波束的频谱很接近于入射波的频谱，反射角等于θ_c的波束的频谱相对于入射波有频谱的负偏移．(3)波束A的相位与发射换能器直达波的相位一致，波束B的相位与波束A相反     

反射波法地震勘探在工程勘察中的应用

对于地下复杂的地质构造，地震反射波法比折射波法能够提供更多更详细的地下信息。多次覆盖反射波法观测系统可以增加同一反射点的重复观测次数，从而起到压制干扰，提高有效波信号的作用。其次选取合适的地震参数能有效地拓宽有效波频带范围，对地震勘探分辨率的提高起到非常重要的作用。     

New imaging method for seismic reflection wave and its theoretical basis

Some new imaging formulas for seismic reflection wave and their theoretical basis are given. Phenomena of wave propagation should be characterized by instantaneous spectrum and expressed by complex function of three variables (time, space and frequency) in mathematics. Various physical parameters of medium are also complex functions of two variables (space and frequency). The relationship between reflection coefficient of medium and spectrum of reflected wave is given. Multi-reflection and filter of formations are considered in inversion formulas. Problems in classical convolution model and wave equation are illustrated. All these inversion formulas can be used to image underground medium by wavelet transform and method of “3-basic colors”. Different colors mean different media.