工程地质勘察中断层的活动性研究

断层是导致地质灾害的重要因素之一,为保证工程项目的安全,正确判定断层的活动性是避免地质灾害的必要手段。拟建布袋沟尾矿库库区内存在一条NW走向断层,以该断层为例,通过地表调查、地球物理探测(高密度电法、电测深)、工程钻探、槽探等多种手段对目标断层进行调查研究,查明该断层为正断层,NW向延伸,长1.55 km,宽1.5~2.5 m,产状NE 70°∠72°,控制深度420 m,断层规模为一条小型断层,第四纪以来未有明显活动迹象,为非全新世活动断层。断层工程稳定性较好,对工程建设无大影响。但考虑断裂构造角砾存在,虽然已经固结,但相对围岩较容易风化,成为一定的松散层,可能形成地下水下渗通道,建议工程建设时予以关注。     

RTK技术在建筑基坑监测中的应用

建筑基坑监测是保证建筑施工质量的重要保证,文章讨论了RTK技术在建筑基坑监测中的应用问题。首先,对建筑基坑变形及引发原因、基坑工程监测及其作用进行了简要介绍;在此基础上,对RTK技术原理进行了阐述;最后,对RTK技术应用于建筑基坑监测中的关键环节及存在的误差因素进行了分析说明,并指出RTK技术在基坑监测领域的应用前景。     

刚塑性混凝土咬合桩在临海深基坑支护中的应用

临海深基坑支护形式面临两个难题,一是选择合适的支护结构,二是动水位对基坑开挖产生的影响。刚性桩与塑性混凝土咬合桩组成的联合支护形式,既能有效地解决支护结构受力问题,又能有效阻截地下水及潮汐动水位落差水压力带来的问题,在临海深基坑支护中具有一定的推广价值。     

敏感环境下深基坑工程变形控制方法及应用

以南京水游城深基坑工程的地质环境和周边敏感环境为出发点,探讨了该深基坑工程的设计原则、支护结构型式、对周边敏感环境保护和施工变形控制的措施,利用Plaxis软件对深基坑北侧敏感环境的开挖效应进行了数值模拟。结果显示:传统的基坑支护形式仍是深基坑工程变形控制首选方法;周边环境敏感、施工场地狭小的基坑,施工前可对周边敏感建(构)筑物地基进行加固;设计时可在支撑梁上设置材料堆放场地和栈桥,及在基坑内设置挖土操作平台;数值模拟能很好地预测深基坑支护结构和土体在施工过程中的变形;根据场地土体基本性质、周边敏感环境特性,因地制宜,使设计、施工方案更加优化。     

Moving least squares method for reliability assessment of rock tunnel excavation considering ground-support interaction

A practical approach is proposed in this paper for the reliability assessment of rock tunnel excavations using the moving least squares method (MLSM) and the uniform design. The failure probability is computed by the first-order and the second-order reliability method (FORM/SORM), which is based on the generated MLSM response surface (MLSM-RS) via an iterative algorithm. The proposed approach is first implemented in the analysis of a circular tunnel that consists of three limit state functions to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the approach. Then, the method is applied to a non-circular tunnel to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the method for practical problems, in which numerical procedures are commonly employed to solve the implicit limit state functions.     

Stability of unsupported conical excavations in non-homogeneous clays

New plasticity solutions for the undrained stability of unsupported conical excavations in homogeneous and non-homogeneous clays were solved by axisymmetric finite element limit analysis. Three parametric studies were performed on excavated height ratios, slope inclinations and dimensionless strength gradients. In all cases, the exact stability factors were accurately bracketed by computed bound solutions within 0.6%. An accurate closed-form equation of the stability factor was proposed from nonlinear regression analysis of lower bound solutions. New conical stability factors for soil cohesion, strength gradient, and coupling effect of these components were deduced to conveniently and accurately predict a safe solution in practice.     

Numerical analysis of lateral movements and strut forces in deep cement mixing walls with top-down construction in soft clay

This article presents the observed and simulated lateral movements and strut forces induced in deep cement mixing walls under deep excavation using top-down construction techniques in soft Bangkok clay. The walls are supported laterally by permanent concrete slabs and temporary struts. A three-dimensional numerical model is first calibrated with observed data from a case study. Then, a parametric study is performed to compare this construction method with the bottom-up method and investigate the influence of the DCM wall thickness on lateral movements and strut forces of the wall.     

Simplified-robust geotechnical design of soldier pile–anchor tieback shoring system for deep excavation

The shoring system that consists of soldier piles and anchor tiebacks is often used in deep excavations in sandy deposits. However, uncertainties often exist in the design of such shoring systems. In this article, a simplified-robust geotechnical design method is proposed to account for these uncertainties in the shoring system design. Specifically, for a given deep excavation, uncertain soil parameters and surcharges are treated as noise factors, and the parameters of soldier piles and tieback anchors are treated as design parameters. Robust design is then implemented as a multiobjective optimization problem, in which the design robustness is sought along with cost efficiency and safety requirements. A trade-off between design robustness and cost efficiency exists and the optimization usually leads to a Pareto front. By applying the knee point concept, the most preferred design that meets the safety requirements and yields the best compromise between design robustness and cost efficiency can be identified on the Pareto front. Improvements made to the existing robust geotechnical design method include an efficient formulation of the design robustness and a new procedure for finding the most preferred design in the design pool. The new simplified-robust geotechnical design method is illustrated with a real-world excavation case study.     

基坑土体卸荷平面应变试验离散元数值分析

对基坑开挖影响范围内土体的应力路径进行平面应变试验离散元数值模拟,以研究结构性与卸荷形式对坑周土体宏微观力学特性的影响。首先,将一个描述土颗粒间胶结效应的简单三维胶结接触模型植入三维离散元软件PFC3D;其次,对初始K0固结状态的重塑土、结构性土试样分别进行常规三轴以及平面应变条件下4种不同卸荷应力路径的离散元模拟;最后,对经历不同卸荷形式的坑底土体单元进行再加荷模拟。模拟结果表明,在卸荷过程中,被动区土体峰值强度以及破坏时竖向应变随卸荷比增大而增大,且其强度小于主动区土体强度;在卸荷、再加荷过程中,被动区土体峰值强度随卸荷比增大而增大,但均小于不卸荷而直接加荷条件下的峰值强度;由于结构性的存在,土体由应变硬化向应变软化过渡,且强度增长;结构性与卸荷形式显著影响土体体积改变。在微观尺度,增大卸荷比或结构性均会增大垂直大主应力方向的平面上的法向接触力,进而提高其强度。     

基坑开挖对邻近隧道影响的耦合分析方法

为了更合理和快捷地评估基坑施工对邻近已建地铁隧道的影响,将隧道视为弹性的地下连续梁来分析隧道本身的受力和变形,推导了隧道与周围土体相互作用的有限元耦合平衡方程,并引入弹性半空间层状模型来分析基坑卸载对土体和隧道变形性能的影响,建立了层状地基中基坑开挖对邻近隧道影响的耦合分析方法;然后,将提出方法与两阶段方法进行了算例对比,并结合离心机试验结果和工程实测数据进行了验证。研究发现,与两阶段方法相比,耦合方法在能反映出非均质层状地基土体的应力和应变集中（或扩散）现象,不仅具有更好的计算精度,而且减少了计算参数的数量;提出方法的理论计算值与离心试验结果基本一致,与工程实测变形数据基本吻合,验证了方法的有效性;通过工程实际应用得出的一些有益结论,可为合理制定城市基坑施工对邻近隧道影响的保护措施提供一定的理论依据。