SAGD开发中突破夹层技术对策研究

开发实践表明,稠油油藏内部发育的夹层影响蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)开发效果。实际SAGD开发应当充分考虑夹层对SAGD生产效果的影响,寻找突破夹层的有效对策,以期提高SAGD产量。以国内某超稠油油藏地质特征为基础,结合夹层岩石力学参数测试结果,利用耦合岩石力学数值模拟技术确定了不同参数(岩石力学参数、物性参数、操作参数)对岩石变形量、SAGD产量的敏感性。研究结果表明,夹层的渗透率和SAGD注汽压力是影响SAGD产量的主要因素。进一步地,针对夹层特征,结合实际操作可行性,提出了提高注汽压力和直井辅助两种突破夹层技术对策,并给出了相应的技术界限及突破效果,该研究结果可用于指导稠油油藏双水平井SAGD经济高效开发     

Study on wave-induced setup over fringing reefs in the presence of a reef crest

It has been well observed that a reef crest (ridge) may be present at the reef edge, but so far very few published studies focusing on the effects of such reef-crest on the wave dynamics over fringing reefs. To understand the role of a reef-crest configuration in determining breaking-wave induced setup over the reef flat, a series of experiments were carried out in a wave flume using an idealized fringing reef model with a reef crest. Experimental results were reported for a trapezoidal reef crest with five reef-crest widths under a series of monochromatic waves. Also examined was the reef without a reef crest. Data analysis shows that larger energy dissipation associated with smaller surfzone width around the reef edge occurred with a wider reef crest. The maximum wave-induced setup on the reef flat in the presence of the reef crest was significantly larger than that without, and it also increased with increasing reef-crest width. The reef-crest submergence was found to be a primary parameter controlling the magnitude of wave setup on the reef flat provided that the reef crest was sufficient wide. An alternative semi-analytical 1DH model based on the balance of cross-shore momentum was proposed. The model was validated by present laboratory data as well as three existing 1DH laboratory studies. Comparing with other two representative semi-analytical models in the literature showed that the proposed model was capable of better reproducing the maximum wave-induced setup on the reef flat for a variety of reef profiles with/without a reef crest, different reef-crest water levels, as well as both monochromatic and spectral waves. The model parameter was physically related to the two characteristic lengths in the surf zone and its value was dependent on the fore-reef slope as well as the presence of a reef crest. The 1DH model was also satisfactorily applied to a fringing reef in field conditions where the effects of fore-reef friction and back-reef lagoon were not important.     

SCUBA divers above the waterline: Using participatory mapping of coral reef conditions to inform reef management

Coral reefs provide important ecological services such as biodiversity, climate regulation, and cultural benefits through recreation and tourism. However, many of the world's reefs are declining, with Caribbean reefs suffering a significant decline in living corals over the past half century. This situation emphasizes the need to assess and monitor reef conditions using a variety of methods. In this study, a new method for assessing reef conditions to inform management using participatory mapping by coral reef “experts” in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) is described. Occupational SCUBA divers were recruited (n=87) to map coral reef conditions, uses, and threats (stressors) using an internet-based mapping website. The data reveal an uneven geographic distribution of reef conditions in the USVI with the most frequently mapped perceived healthy reef characteristics being: large amount of physical reef structure (n=872 markers); endangered or threatened species present (n=721); and large amount of live coral cover (n=615). The greatest perceived threats were: invasive species (n=606); water pollution (n=234); and unsustainable fishing (n=200). Areas of important reef characteristics, perceived threats to reefs, and perceived recovery potential were plotted to identify areas requiring critical management attention. The authors found that perceptions of healthy reef conditions outnumbered perceptions of reef threats for nine of the ten most familiar coral reefs; the most frequent activity type within the coral reefs was tourism diving; and for the most familiar coral reefs, the divers perceived a high recovery potential. Given the novelty of participatory mapping methods to assess coral reefs, the strengths and weaknesses of the method is evaluated. The authors further propose a management typology for categorizing reef areas to inform their future management. In the absence of primary data, or, as a supplement to underwater surveys and remotely-sensed data on reef condition, participatory mapping can provide a cost-effective means for assessing coral reef conditions while identifying place-specific reef locations requiring management attention.     

南海珊瑚礁区34年卫星遥感海表温度变化的时空特征分析

选取NOAA OISST数据集的1982-2015年南海月平均海洋表面温度（SST）,先对东沙、西沙和南沙礁区海域的多年SST进行时间尺度上的统计,然后对该数据集进行距平场的经验正交函数（EOF）分解,研究南海海表温度的时间和空间年际变化特征。研究显示:（1）不同的礁区海域SST升温趋势不同,东沙礁区海域SST升温趋势最明显（0.216℃/（10 a））,西沙和南沙礁区SST的升温趋势分别为0.180℃/（10 a）和0.096℃/（10 a）;（2）西沙和南沙礁区全年处于珊瑚生长的最适海温范围内,东沙一年中有4个月海温较低,SST最高的月份分别集中在7月（东沙礁区）、6月（西沙礁区）和5月（南沙礁区）;（3） EOF第一模态的空间分布显示南海SST变化是同相位的,由西北—东南振幅量值递减,在礁区振幅从大到小依次为东沙、西沙、南沙;（4） EOF第一模态时间系数显示南海SST变化与El Niño事件相关。南海海表温度异常场与Niño3.4指数的相关性分析显示两者关联度最高为0.723,平均关联度也高达0.655;南海SST的变化滞后Niño3.4区7~8个月。综上,在全球变暖背景下,南海SST的变化不仅受到El Niño事件的影响,其不断上升也在悄然威胁珊瑚的正常生长。     

孤立波在岸礁地形上传播与爬坡数值模拟研究

为准确模拟孤立波在岸礁地形上的传播和爬坡,采用基于完全非线性Boussinesq方程开发的Funwave-TVD模型,探究模型的可行性,并利用验证后的模型进一步研究岸礁各地形因素对孤立波爬高的影响。研究结果表明:模型能准确模拟孤立波在岸礁陡变地形上的传播及变形,摩擦系数对礁前陡坡及礁坪上的波浪传播模拟影响不大,但对爬坡预测的敏感性较强;模型空间步长可适当增大,提高计算效率;随着礁坪宽度的增大以及礁后斜坡的变缓,孤立波爬坡高度下降明显,而礁前陡坡坡度变化对孤立波爬坡高度影响不大。     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态恢复可行性评估及其恢复策略

广西涠洲岛地处世界珊瑚礁分布的北缘,其造礁石珊瑚具有较高的生态价值和科学研究价值,然而近30年来涠洲岛的造礁石珊瑚资源呈逐年下降趋势,正面临生物多样性衰退和生态服务功能下降的威胁。本研究针对涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态衰退区域,参照珊瑚礁生态恢复潜力评估决策流程进行恢复可行性评估和恢复策略探讨。结果显示,该区域有造礁石珊瑚5科10属21种;表征海水水质质量的6项指标均在I类水质标准范围,且常年处于贫营养化;大型海藻覆盖率不足1.00%,90.00%以上的珊瑚礁鱼类为杂食性,且该鱼类种群结构有利于调控大型海藻的暴发性生长,与大型藻类和浮游动植物的多样性相适应,适宜珊瑚生长。但该区域造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率仅有5.60%,底质类型57.27%为礁石,34.30%的底质为非稳定的碎石和砂,珊瑚幼体补充量平均为3.17 ind/m²,珊瑚幼体更新缓慢。以上结果表明,涠洲岛珊瑚礁具有一定的自然恢复潜力,但珊瑚覆盖率低、幼体补充量少以及部分底质结构不稳定是限制涠洲岛珊瑚礁自然恢复的主要因素,需要加强人工干预。在减少人类活动干扰的前提下,适时进行园艺式培育珊瑚苗种、批量珊瑚原位种植和构建人工珊...     

四川盆地晚二叠世长兴期古海洋台洼与陆棚边缘礁滩对比研究

以长兴组台地边缘礁滩储层发育认知为指导,将三维与二维地震资料相结合,开展台洼边缘礁滩与台地边缘礁滩的沉积背景、发育模式、古地貌的综合对比研究,对四川盆地中部蓬溪-武胜台洼边缘礁滩发育演化特征进行分析,提出了四川盆地东南部泰来、永兴场及义和地区3种台洼边缘礁滩发育模式。受开江-梁平陆棚、峨眉地裂运动以及微古地貌影响,泰来地区以台洼边缘礁滩沉积为主,永兴场地区沉积低能生屑滩,义和地区发育成排生物礁带及点礁。从长兴期整个四川盆地沉积格局分析,蓬溪-武胜台洼边缘礁滩与开江-梁平陆棚边缘礁滩整体沉积格局相似,但台洼边缘生物礁滩纵向发育规模偏小,横向分布面积广泛。     

Off‐reef planktivorous reef fishes respond positively to decadal‐scale no‐take marine reserve protection and negatively to benthic habitat change

The effects of no‐take marine reserve (NTMR) protection and changes in benthic habitat on fusiliers (family Caesionidae) were investigated at four small Philippine offshore islands on time scales of 10–31 years. Fusiliers are highly mobile, schooling, medium‐sized planktivorous fish that generally feed “off‐reef.” For these reasons, and given the small size of the NTMRs (3.6–37.5 ha) in this study, it was predicted that fusilier density would be unlikely to show clear effects of NTMR protection, or to respond to changes in benthic habitat. In contrast to predictions, clear NTMR effects were observed on fusilier density at three of the four NTMRs, with durations of protection from 14 to 31 years. Furthermore, the study provided strong evidence that benthic variables, specifically cover of live hard coral and dead substratum, affect the density of fusiliers. This effect of benthic habitat on density was highlighted by several major environmental disturbances that caused shifts in the benthic habitat from live hard coral to dead substratum. For two of the three most abundant species of fusiliers individually, and for all three of them combined (Pterocaesio pisang + Caesio caerulaurea + Pterocaesio digramma/tessellata), as live hard coral cover decreased, fish density decreased. It is hypothesized that these “off‐reef” daytime feeders may have such a strong association with live hard coral cover because they use this habitat as nocturnal sleeping sites. Multivariate analyses indicated that, across all sites and times sampled, cover of live hard coral and dead substratum accounted for 38% of the variation in fish assemblage structure. These results are important as there are very few reports in the published literature of strong effects of NTMR protection or changes in benthic habitat on the density and assemblage structure of fusiliers.     

Submarine groundwater springs are characterized by distinct fish communities

The inflow of terrestrial groundwater into the ocean is increasingly recognized as an important local source of nutrients and pollutants to coastal ecosystems. Although there is evidence of a link between fresh submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)-derived nutrients and primary producer and primary consumer abundances, the effects of fresh SGD on the productivity of higher trophic levels such as ichthyofaunal communities remain unclear. To further investigate this relationship, we sampled three sites inside a coral reef lagoon in Mauritius: One site entailing six distinct groundwater springs, a site highly influenced by freshwater influx through the springs, and a strictly marine control site. Using remote underwater video surveys, we found that fish abundances were significantly higher at the groundwater springs than at the other two sampling sites.Principal component analyses showed that the springs and the spring-influenced part of the lagoon were best described by elevated water nutrient loadings, whereas the control site was characterized by higher water salinity and pH. Macroalgae cover was highest at the control site and the springs. Herbivores and invertivores dominated the fish community at the springs, in contrast to generalists at the control site. At the spring-influenced site, we mainly encountered high coral/turf algae cover and high abundances of associated fish feeding groups (territorial farmers, corallivores). Our results provide evidence of a fresh SGD-driven relationship between altered hydrography and distinct fish communities with elevated abundances at groundwater springs in a coral reef lagoon. These findings suggest that the management and assessment of secondary consumer productivity in tropical lagoons should take into account the effects of groundwater springs.     

The strength of biogenic sand reefs: Visco-elastic behaviour of cement secreted by the tube building polychaete Sabellaria alveolata, Linnaeus, 1767

Mechanical properties of the biomineralised cement from tube-building marine worms are poorly known. Secreted from an organ connected to the polychaetes specialised glands, the cement glues sand grains and calcareous shell fragments of a given size and, on a larger scale, ensures the resistance of the reef to waves. In this study, three kinds of mechanical tests were performed with worm tubes to establish the nature of the cement behaviour. Results obtained show that cement behaves like a visco-elastic material. This property allows the tubes to dissipate the mechanical energy from the waves to which they are subject and to reduce the mechanical stress transmitted inside the tubes to the polychaetes. Comparison of “fresh” and “dry” cements highlights that the visco-elastic behaviour of the cement is maintained after five years. The viscosity of the cement is therefore not related to moisture but to its chemical composition. More generally, these results offer a better understanding of the role of cement on worm reefs strength and their persistence in the geological record.