Formation and evolution of the tertiary carbonate reefs in the Madura Strait Basin of Indonesia

Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic re?ection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome re?ections, slope progradational re?ections, chaotic re?ections and discontinuous strong re?ections inside the reef, which onlap the ?ank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness.The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily in?uenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a "hidden" inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.     

南海珊瑚礁区34年卫星遥感海表温度变化的时空特征分析

选取NOAA OISST数据集的1982-2015年南海月平均海洋表面温度（SST）,先对东沙、西沙和南沙礁区海域的多年SST进行时间尺度上的统计,然后对该数据集进行距平场的经验正交函数（EOF）分解,研究南海海表温度的时间和空间年际变化特征。研究显示:（1）不同的礁区海域SST升温趋势不同,东沙礁区海域SST升温趋势最明显（0.216℃/（10 a））,西沙和南沙礁区SST的升温趋势分别为0.180℃/（10 a）和0.096℃/（10 a）;（2）西沙和南沙礁区全年处于珊瑚生长的最适海温范围内,东沙一年中有4个月海温较低,SST最高的月份分别集中在7月（东沙礁区）、6月（西沙礁区）和5月（南沙礁区）;（3） EOF第一模态的空间分布显示南海SST变化是同相位的,由西北—东南振幅量值递减,在礁区振幅从大到小依次为东沙、西沙、南沙;（4） EOF第一模态时间系数显示南海SST变化与El Niño事件相关。南海海表温度异常场与Niño3.4指数的相关性分析显示两者关联度最高为0.723,平均关联度也高达0.655;南海SST的变化滞后Niño3.4区7~8个月。综上,在全球变暖背景下,南海SST的变化不仅受到El Niño事件的影响,其不断上升也在悄然威胁珊瑚的正常生长。     

珊瑚礁地质稳定性研究现状

为探究珊瑚礁稳定性的研究现状,对影响礁体稳定性的诸多因素如礁体结构、地形地貌、波浪、潮汐、潮流、风诸如热带气旋和风暴、海流等进行总结,结果表明以上诸多因素可在不同程度上决定或影响礁体稳定性。同时指出现阶段礁体稳定性研究所需注意的问题,其一是涉及珊瑚礁地质稳定性的礁体结构、地貌形态的研究尚少,需合理利用多波束测深仪、高分辨率多道地震探测系统、钻探及AUV、三维实时声学成像声呐技术获取礁体地形、地层及剖面形态,并借助GIS技术对滑坡等失稳地带进行圈定,其二是潟湖区、礁体边坡等区域的稳定性研究缺乏,需引入极限平衡法评估礁体边坡、泻湖等区域的稳定性,且需考虑波浪、潮汐引入的孔隙水压力、渗流力的影响。通过综述礁体稳定性研究现状及未来礁体稳定性研究的方向的展望,以期为珊瑚礁体上的工程建设及未来的珊瑚礁地质稳定性研究提供些许启示。     

基于地面3D激光扫描技术的海南岛南部海岸巨砾沉积研究

海岸巨砾沉积是反映海岸极端波浪事件活动历史的重要载体,对于预测未来海洋极端水文灾害发生趋势具有重要意义。本文基于地面3D激光扫描技术,以海南岛南部海岸大东海和小东海的海岸珊瑚巨砾沉积为研究对象,使用了Riegl VZ4000地面3D激光扫描仪精确测量了这些珊瑚巨砾的体积参数,结合水文模型计算出搬运这些巨砾所需的临界起动波高和流速,重构了极端波浪事件强度,并根据沉积学和动力学对海岸珊瑚巨砾的沉积成因进行了分析。结果表明,地面3D激光扫描技术与传统测量方式相比,具有方便、快速、高精度的优势。海南岛大、小东海堆积的珊瑚巨砾沉积是由台风波浪破碎珊瑚礁平台前缘并将碎块输运到礁平台而成的,且台风的最大强度可能接近超强台风“宝霞”。本研究可为重建南海地区古风暴活动历史,揭示该地台风活动规律以及海岸极端波浪灾害的防风减灾工作提供重要科学参考信息。     

孤立波在岸礁地形上传播与爬坡数值模拟研究

为准确模拟孤立波在岸礁地形上的传播和爬坡,采用基于完全非线性Boussinesq方程开发的Funwave-TVD模型,探究模型的可行性,并利用验证后的模型进一步研究岸礁各地形因素对孤立波爬高的影响。研究结果表明:模型能准确模拟孤立波在岸礁陡变地形上的传播及变形,摩擦系数对礁前陡坡及礁坪上的波浪传播模拟影响不大,但对爬坡预测的敏感性较强;模型空间步长可适当增大,提高计算效率;随着礁坪宽度的增大以及礁后斜坡的变缓,孤立波爬坡高度下降明显,而礁前陡坡坡度变化对孤立波爬坡高度影响不大。     

西沙群岛琛航岛全新世珊瑚礁的起始发育时间及其海平面指示意义

以西沙群岛琛航岛珊瑚礁钻孔为材料,通过高精度铀系测年技术测定了全新世底界的年代;同时利用MAT-253同位素质谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定了0~20 m层段δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O和锶元素的质量分数,以U-Th年龄为基础,结合δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O和锶元素的质量分数均在16~17 m之间明显降低这一特点,得到琛航岛全新世珊瑚礁的起始发育时间为距今7 900 a前,不整合于晚更新世的珊瑚礁体（年代老于110 ka）之上,全新世礁体的厚度为16.7 m。考虑研究区域新构造活动相对稳定,以及南海现代珊瑚礁的礁坪面与大潮低潮面基本一致,琛科2井的钻孔井位高于现代礁坪约2.9 m,推测其起始发育时的位置在现代海平面大潮低潮面之下约13.8 m,即西沙群岛海域7 900 a前的海平面在现代海平面以下约13.8 m,近7 900 a以来海平面上升了至少13.8 m。这一结果为理解全新世南海珊瑚礁的发育历史及海平面变化提供了新的信息。     

Analytical and experimental study of wave setup over permeable coral reef

An analytical solution is proposed to predict the wave set-up over permeable reef flat based on porous flow model and momentum conservation. A laboratory experiment is carried out to verify the analytical solution. Good agreement is obtained by comparing the analytical results and the experimental data. Both the analytical results and the experimental data show the wave setup increases with the increase of the incident wave height and the decrease of the submergence water depth. The influences of the porous properties of the coral reef on wave set-up are discussed based on the analytical solution and experiment results. The wave set-up on the reef flat is found to decrease with the increasing particle size of porous media layer. The increase of the porosity and the height of porous media layer can lead to significant reduction in the wave set-up on the reef flat.     

基于侧扫声呐影像的南海珊瑚礁沉船及周边地形重建

利用南海某珊瑚礁区所获得的一艘沉船的单幅侧扫声呐影像,定量重建了沉船及其周边地形。沉船区侧扫声呐数据经过格式转换、影像生成、水体去除、影像增益校正和坐标转换等预处理后,采用明暗恢复形状（Shape From Shading, SFS）方法反演声呐影像的水深,获得沉船区的水下地形数据,重建了该区域的三维地形地貌。结果显示,沉船位于珊瑚礁西侧礁坡区,该区为典型的礁坡地貌形态,由东向西水深递增,变化于-1.8~-165.4 m之间,按水深和坡度的不同可划分为地势较平缓的两级阶地和地势陡峭的两级坡地。沉船坐底于礁坡第二级阶地（宽约87 m,平均水深约-26.7 m,平均坡度约5.7°）,船体呈EES—WWN走向,长约45 m,宽约9 m,高约4 m,排水量估计为500~600 t,船体残破。利用侧扫声呐影像开展地形地貌的定量反演和重建是对侧扫声呐影像地形地貌定性分析的有效补充,能更全面、更详细地揭示珊瑚礁地形地貌的特征。     

江苏南部海岸牡蛎礁演化的几何模型

牡蛎礁是具有重要生态功能的海岸带生境,并且记录了丰富的环境演化信息。根据碳酸盐沉积层序模拟的方法,提出了一个牡蛎礁演化模型,由海平面波动过程、碎屑沉积物顶面高程、牡蛎礁垂直生长率、牡蛎礁顶部高程等四个模块所构成。垂向生长率函数的输入参数通过牡蛎礁沉积环境分析和古今地貌对比方法而确定。应用该模型探讨了江苏海岸小庙洪牡蛎礁的定殖、生长和最终被埋藏的演化历程。模拟结果显示,牡蛎礁顶部水深和河口湾环境参数是牡蛎礁演化的两大限制因素,小庙洪牡蛎礁的最大垂向生长率约为12mm/a,礁体发育初期以垂向增生为主,大约910年前礁体出露于平均低潮面后,转向以侧向扩张为主。该礁体的出露规模在330年前达到最大,目前牡蛎礁的生长几乎停滞,并将在250年后被埋藏,其时牡蛎礁的最大可能厚度达12m。牡蛎礁演化模型显示牡蛎礁建造过程具有复杂性,是海平面变化、地面沉降速率、碎屑沉积速率、盐度、悬沙浓度等诸多因素共同作用的结果。牡蛎礁顶板应看成是低于当时海平面的标志,并不代表海平面高度。     

The influence of reef type and seasonality on population structure of coral‐reef fishes within Malindi Marine Park,Kenya

Effective conservation requires knowledge of the effects of habitat on distribution and abundance of organisms. Although the structure of coral reef fish assemblages is strongly correlated with attributes of reef structure, data relating reef types to fish assemblages are scarce. In this study we describe the influence of gross habitat characteristics and seasonality on coral reef fish assemblages of fringing and patch reefs in Kenya. Results showed that total fish abundance was not significantly different between the reefs; however, the fringing reef had higher species diversity during both the northeast (42 spp.) and southeast (36 spp.) monsoon seasons when compared to the patch reef. The more fished species (e.g. Siganus sutor and Lethrinus mahsena) were more abundant on the patch reef in both seasons. Statistical analysis indicated common species between the reefs were more abundant on the fringing reef. Seasons affected abundance of the more vagile species (S. sutor), whereas the reef‐attached sky emperor, L. mahsena was affected more by reef type than by seasons. No significant interaction effects of habitat and seasons were found, indicating independence of habitat and environmental variability in affecting fish assemblages on the reefs. Smaller sized fish dominated the fringing reef more than the patch reef, whereas the skewness index (Sk) indicated a normal‐sized frequency distribution on the patch reef. Trophic structure of the fishes varied more within than between reefs, whereas fish assemblage structure was affected more by seasons on the fringing reef. These results suggest that conservation measures such as marine protected area (MPA) design and setting should consider effects of reef morphology and environmental variability on coral‐reef fish assemblage structure.