Large-scale Tazhong Ordovician Reef-flat Oil-Gas Field in the Tarim Basin of China

The Tazhong reef-flat oil-gas field is the first large-scale Ordovician organic reef type oil-gas field found in China. Its organic reefs were developed in the early Late Ordovician Lianglitag Formation, and are the first large reefs of the coral-stromatoporoid hermatypic community found in China. The organic reefs and platform-margin grain banks constitute a reef-flat complex, mainly consisting of biolithites and grainstones. The biolithites can be classified into the framestone, bafflestone, bindstone etc. The main body of the complex lies around the wells from Tazhong-24 to Tazhong-82, trending northwest, with the thickness from 100 to 300 m, length about 220 km and width 5-10 km. It is a reef-flat lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir, with a very complex hydrocarbon distribution: being a gas condensate reservoir as a whole with local oil reservoirs. The hydrocarbon distribution is controlled by the reef complex, generally located in the upper 100-200 m part of the complex, and largely in a banded shape along the complex. On the profile, the reservoir shows a stratified feature, with an altitude difference of almost 2200 m from southeast to northwest. The petroleum accumulation is controlled by karst reservoir beds and the northeast strike-slip fault belt. The total geologic reserves had reached 297.667 Mt by 2007.     

不同结构类型珊瑚礁灰岩弹性波特性研究

基于岩石弹性波特性的地震方法是目前地球物理勘探中最主要的方法,岩石中弹性波传播速度是联系岩石物理力学特性与地质学的有效桥梁。对于海相生物成因的珊瑚礁灰岩而言,其弹性波特性研究是了解珊瑚礁体内部整体性质的有效途径。研究表明,珊瑚礁灰岩的弹性纵波速度与干密度、回弹值呈线性正相关关系,与孔隙度呈线性负相关关系。不同结构类型珊瑚礁灰岩弹性波特性表现出显著的差异性,珊瑚骨架灰岩和珊瑚砾块灰岩均匀性较好,珊瑚砾屑灰岩和珊瑚砂屑灰岩离散性较大。基于珊瑚礁灰岩纵波速度与干密度、孔隙度以及回弹值之间的关系,结合某珊瑚礁体钻孔岩芯沿深度变化的回弹值信息以及岩芯薄片光学检测结果,提出一个基于纵波速度的珊瑚礁灰岩质量等级的划分标准,具有一定的可靠度和适用性。运用岩石二相体模型基本原理,建立了修正的时间平均公式,而不同结构类型珊瑚礁灰岩弹性波特性均符合雷莫亨特-加德纳方程。     

Holocene and Pleistocene fringing reef growth and the role of accommodation space and exposure to waves and currents (Bora Bora,Society Islands,French Polynesia)

Holocene fringing reef development around Bora Bora is controlled by variations in accommodation space (as a function of sea‐level and antecedent topography) and exposure to waves and currents. Subsidence ranged from 0 to 0·11 m kyr^?1, and did not create significant accommodation space. A windward fringing reef started to grow 8·7 kyr bp , retrograded towards the coast over a Pleistocene fringing reef until ca 6·0 kyr bp , and then prograded towards the lagoon after sea‐level had reached its present level. The retrograding portion of the reef is dominated by corals, calcareous algae and microbialite frameworks; the prograding portion is largely detrital. The reef is up to 13·5 m thick and accreted vertically with an average rate of 3·12 m kyr^?1. Lateral growth amounts to 13·3 m kyr^?1. Reef corals are dominated by an inner Pocillopora assemblage and an outer Acropora assemblage. Both assemblages comprise thick crusts of coralline algae. Palaeobathymetry suggests deposition in 0 to 10 m depth. An underlying Pleistocene fringing reef formed during the sea‐level highstand of Marine Isotope Stage 5e, and is also characterized by the occurrence of corals, coralline algal crusts and microbialites. A previously investigated, leeward fringing reef started to form contemporaneously (8·78 kyr bp ), but is thicker (up to 20 m) and solely prograded throughout the Holocene. A shallow Pocillopora assemblage and a deeper water Montipora assemblage were identified, but detrital facies dominate. At the Holocene reef base, only basalt was recovered. The Holocene windward–leeward differences are a consequence of less accommodation space on the eastern island side that eventually led to a more complex reef architecture. As a result of higher rates of exposure and flushing, the reef framework on the windward island side is more abundant and experienced stronger cementation. In the Pleistocene, the environmental conditions on the leeward island side were presumably unfavourable for fringing reef growth.     

礁灰岩嵌岩桩的模型试验

援建马尔代夫的马累－机场岛跨海大桥项目作为我国“一带一路”的经济建设规划之一,桥梁桩基坐落于与我国南海珊瑚礁岩土体结构极为相似的珊瑚礁中。由于国内外开展珊瑚礁嵌岩桩的设计经验不足,故需要通过试验方法获取珊瑚礁嵌岩桩的承载特性和相关数据。对取自马累岛和机场岛桥基位置的礁灰岩岩芯开展室内桩基承载特性试验研究。测得礁灰岩的密度、相对密度、饱和单轴抗压强度、三轴剪切强度等基本物理力学指标,结合礁灰岩中嵌岩桩模型试验结果,获得模型桩承载力随桩端位移的变化规律。试验结果表明：桩岩界面先后经历弹性剪切、剪应力跌落和摩擦剪切3个阶段。在弹性剪切阶段,界面剪切变形以弹性变形为主,极限弹性位移 呈现出随弹性模量E增大而递减的趋势。在剪应力跌落阶段,应力软化急剧,并很快过渡到界面的摩擦剪切。通过试验发现,在低围压下,礁灰岩的残余侧摩阻力与饱和单轴抗压强度呈正相关关系。随着围压增大,残余侧摩阻力受围压影响较大。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部宜川—黄龙地区奥陶系风化壳储层发育特征

综合利用地震、测井和岩心等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部宜川—黄龙地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层进行了分析,认为该区具岩溶储层标志特征。岩心分析测试表明:该区风化壳储层岩石类型为含膏白云岩及次生灰岩;储集空间为白云岩溶蚀孔洞、次生灰岩相对孤立溶孔和裂缝;储层整体较为致密,孔隙度为0.30%~11.54%,平均值为3.90%,渗透率为(0.002~15.450)×10~(-3)μm~2,平均值为0.710×10~(-3)μm~2。储层形成受顺层岩溶作用影响,综合古地貌、沉积相、裂缝等条件认为,宜川古潜台西侧区域为古地貌较高部位,顺层岩溶储层较为发育,是后期勘探开发的有利区。     

珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体研究综述

淡水透镜体是珊瑚礁岛屿上重要的地下淡水资源,对于满足人们的日常生活需要和维护珊瑚礁岛屿的生态系统非常关键。文章回顾了国内外珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的研究历程,介绍了它的理论和特征,综述了其发育和演化与岛屿的水文地质、气候、潮汐、地形和植被等的关系。另外,自然压力,诸如干旱、海水入侵、海平面升高和岛的机械侵蚀等,以及人为压力,如过多抽取淡水、污染、地形改变和海岸工程等,都对珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的稳定造成了威胁,对这类干扰方面的研究也有很多。文章还介绍了常用的淡水透镜体研究模型,包括物理模型、解析模型和数学模型,并对其在淡水透镜体中的研究应用作了概述。对中国珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的研究现状也作了介绍,研究涉及西沙群岛永兴岛珊瑚礁淡水透镜体的厚度、抽取地下水导致的倒锥现象和生物修复等方面。最后,文章对南海珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的研究作出展望,提出开展对南海其他珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的研究工作,以及如何使抽取的地下水除污并可供饮用。     

水力作用下顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析

通过对顺层岩质边坡中地下水力作用进行分析,认为地下水力作用主要为沿结构面分布的裂隙水压力和拖拽力。分析了滑动破坏中的控稳优势结构面,认为该面上的张裂隙静水压力、滑动面扬压力以及拖拽力的大小均取决于后缘张裂隙的充水高度。将典型岩石边坡进行简化假设,利用简化后的边坡水力学分析模型,推导出边坡稳定系数和决定边坡稳定性的张裂隙充水临界高度的表达式。选取实际边坡进行分析和计算,验证了公式的合理性,结果表明地下水作用下边坡稳定系数的降低主要与静水压力有关,而渗透力的影响很小。     

扬子地块北缘晚二叠世长兴期岩相古地理

扬子地块北缘与秦岭接壤,晚二叠世长兴期岩石地层单元为长兴组和大隆组。长兴组为一套碳酸盐岩沉积,沉积单元包括台地相、台地边缘礁滩相以及台地边缘斜坡相等;而大隆组则主要为一套灰黑至黑色薄层硅质岩、炭质页岩夹薄层泥晶灰岩,为一套较深水盆地沉积的产物。研究结果表明,这一深水盆地环境大致从西边的广元开始,向东经旺苍、南江与鄂西地区相连成为一广阔海域,扬子地块与华北地块隔海相望。这一沉积格局不仅为油气勘探工作的部署奠定了坚实的基础,而且可能反映出扬子地块与华北地块在此之前已经成为统一陆块。     

Nearshore wave environments around a sandy cay on a platform reef,Torres Strait,Australia

Waves are the primary factor affecting reef-island morphology. This study examines spatial and temporal variations of wave characteristics in the nearshore around Warraber Island, a sandy cay on a platform reef in Torres Strait Australia, based on field measurements during the predominant southeasterly wind season. Water pressure was recorded simultaneously, and transformed to water surface wave spectra, at a location close to the reef edge and across the nearshore at different locations around the island. Wave environments off the reef were estimated based on wave characteristics measured at the reef-edge location and found to be primarily dominated by sea. Low and high wave-energy events were identified, based on wave energy level at the reef-edge location.     

Postglacial growth history of a French Polynesian barrier reef tract, Tahiti, central Pacific

The internal structure and growth pattern of Tahiti reefs over the last 14 ka is reconstructed using sedimentological, morphological and palaeobiological data coupled with radiometric dates in drill cores through the modern barrier reef. Flooding of the volcaniclastic deposits or the karst surface of a Pleistocene reef started at ≈ 14 ka BP, and coral growth began shortly after inundation. The sequence in the Tahiti barrier-reef edge has formed predominantly through long-term keep-up growth controlled by stable environmental conditions, while the adjacent backreef deposits did not start to accumulate before sea-level stabilization, around 6 ka. The dominance of Porites communities and the coeval occurrence of branching gracile Lithophyllum in the lowermost part of the postglacial reef sequence (14–11 ka) suggest the prevalence of uniformly moderate- to low-energy conditions and/or growth in slightly deeper waters all over the drilled area during the early reef stages. During the last 11 ka, the reef frameworks developed in a high-energy environment, at maximum water depths of 5–6 m, and were dominated by an Acropora robusta/danai–Hydrolithon onkodes association; the local interlayering of other coralgal assemblages (dominated by tabular Acropora or domal Porites ) reflects distinct diversification stages, resulting either from the palaeotopographic control of the substrate or from slight and episodic environmental changes.