Investigations du caractère multifractal des débits maximaux annuels de crue / Investigation of multifractality of maximum annual flood discharges

Abstract

Abstract The multifractal analysis of maximum annual flood discharges at 55 stations of the Tunisian gauging network allows one to associate the various statistical moments of surface discharges of the basins through a scale-invariant law. On this basis, a random cascades model is identified. The scale-invariant law obtained for extreme values represents a theoretical foundation for empirical models proposed since the 1960s which link extreme values, and their associated hazards, with surfaces of drainage areas.     

Sediment delivery processes and chemical transport in a small forested basin/Processus de production sédimentaire et transport chimique dans un petit bassin versant forestier

Abstract

Because the properties of eroded soil affect the deposition phenomena and transport capacity of chemical materials by eroded particles, recent research is trying to link the grain-size distribution of the eroded sediment to that of the original soil in order to explain the enrichment of chemical content of the sediment with the respect to the parent soil. In this study, the spatial distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and total organic carbon was firstly deduced using the measurements carried out in 47 soil samples distributed over a forested basin together with a kriging interpolation method. Then the load of each chemical was calculated at morphological unit and basin scales using the above-mentioned spatial distributions and sediment yield values calculated by the SEDD (SEdiment Delivery Distributed) model, which couples the universal soil loss equation with a spatial disaggregation criterion of sediment delivery processes. Finally, at basin scale, a new expression of the enrichment ratio of a given chemical was applied.     

Determining Spatially-Distributed Annual Water Balances for Ungauged Locations on Shikoku Island,Japan: A Comparison of Two Interpolators/Détermination de Bilans Hydriques Spatialisés pour des Sites Non-Jaugés de L'Īle de Shikoku,au Japon: Comparaison de Deux Interpolateurs

Abstract

Methods were evaluated for interpolating precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), and runoff (RO) at ungauged points on Shikoku Island, Japan, using data gathered from gauged stations on the same island. Two methods were examined: a “local” cubic spline interpolator, which, for a given point, fitted the function exactly to nearby gauged data points; and a “global” multivariate regression interpolator, which fitted the function to all gauged data points based on their topographic positions (i.e. latitude, longitude, altitude). Local and global interpolators did not generate similar results for P and temperature (T). The spatial density of gauged data points used in the interpolation affected the performance of the interpolators. With any given density of gauged data points included in the interpolation, the local interpolator outperformed the global interpolator. The findings indicate that local interpolators are more accurate predictors of the spatial distribution of water balance components in mountainous regions such as Shikoku Island.     

Caractérisation de la Variabilité Spatiale et Temporelle des Précipitations Annuelles sur le Bassin du Lac Tchad au Cours du 20ème Siècle/Spatial and Temporal Variability of Annual Rainfall in the Lake Chad Basin During the 20th Century

Abstract

The study of changes in annual rainfall in the Lake Chad basin during the 20th century is based on the analysis of 47 stations, i.e. a total of about 1600 station-years for the time series with more than 25 years of data. As previously observed in western and Sahelian Africa, robust tests of shift in time series identify a significant change in mean from the beginning of the 1960s between the latitudes 11 and 13°N, and a little later in this decade for the northern stations. The analysis of decadal rainfall shows that the 1950s decade was very humid and the next three decades were drier. These dry conditions were more and more severe until the 1980s. Data available after 1990 do not show any inversion in the trend. The annual rainfall decreases from south to north, and the regional gradient has changed from 1.5 mm km^?1 in the 1950s to 1.2 mm km^?1 in the 1980s between the latitudes 10 and 14°N.     

用多分量感应资料快速重建层状地层的纵横向电阻率和水平界面深度

研究建立用多分量感应测井资料同时快速重建水平层状横向同性介质中横向与纵向电阻率和层界面深度的有效方法。首先,利用电磁场摄动方程、电导率函数与模型参数关系方程以及模式匹配算法得到电磁场并矢Green函数的半解析解,建立多分量感应测井响应的Frèchet导数矩阵的快速算法;在此基础上,借助于规范化处理和奇异值分解技术,给出同时反演水平层状地层中各个地层的纵、横向电阻率以及层界面深度的迭代过程,实现理论合成资料与输入资料的最佳拟合。数值计算证明,该反演算法能够取得较满意的反演效果。     

Cartographie du potentiel en eau souterraine du bassin versant de la Lobo (Centre-Ouest,Côte d’Ivoire) : approche par analyse multicritère

RÉSUMÉ

Ce travail aborde le problème d’accessibilité en eau potable dans les zones fissurées de la Côte d’Ivoire notamment en saison sèche. Sur le bassin versant de la Lobo, le problème se pose avec plus d’acuité puisque les retenues aménagées pour l’alimentation en eau des populations ne sont pas correctement alimentées ces dernières années et sujettes à une très forte eutrophisation. L’approche pluridisciplinaire (télédétection, analyse multicritère et système d’information hydrogéologique à référence spatiale) a été adoptée. La cartographie des sites potentiels en eau montre que la quasi-totalité du bassin de la Lobo possède une bonne et excellente disponibilité en eau souterraine (93% de la superficie totale). Cette bonne disponibilité en eau souterraine est due à une faible pente et à une bonne densité de fracturation qui entrainent une bonne infiltration des eaux dans l’aquifère. L’identification des sites potentiels montre que près de 72% de la superficie du bassin est favorable à l’implantation d’ouvrages à gros débits. Dans l’ensemble, ces aquifères présentent une bonne accessibilité avec cependant, une exploitabilité médiocre.

Editeur Z. W. Kundzewicz; Edithur Associé M.D. Fidelibus     

Effet auto-épurateur de la lithologie des affleurements géologiques dans un climat semi-aride: cas du bassin versant de l'Oued Mellègue (Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie)

Résumé

Le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie renferme plus que 81% des eaux de surface et 95% des mines et gîtes miniers. Le bassin versant de l'Oued Mellègue, situé dans cette zone, englobe 13 mines de plomb, zinc, fer, strontium, fluor, barium et phosphates. L'impact des rejets de ces mines sur les eaux de surface a été apprécié grâce à plusieurs compagnes d’échantillonnage. Les résultats d'analyse par ICP/MS de ces échantillons montrent qu'ils renferment des quantités non négligeables d'Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Sr, U et de Zn. L'analyse des ces éléments dans les eaux du Mellègue, de ses affluents et dans la retenue de Nebeur montre que leurs concentrations sont inférieures aux normes d'eau potable. Ce comportement pourrait être dû à la nature des affleurements géologiques formés par des carbonates des argiles et des évaporites, à l'absence de cours d'eau drainant directement les rejets, à la formation de minéraux secondaires caractérisés par une importante rétention des métaux et à l’étendue des bassins versants non pollués.     

4. Hydraulics

Abstract

A solid state event recorder and reader suitable for use with a tipping bucket raingauge are described. The recorder is a small battery operated unit with very low power consumption, capable of recording 64, 8 bit, words. The portable reader unit is used to interrogate it.     

Effets thermique et hydrothermal de la coulée de basalte triasico-liasique sur les argiles du bassin d'Argana (Maroc)Thermal and hydrothermal effects of Triassic–Liassic basalt flow deposition on clays (Agana Basin,Morocco)

Thermal and hydrothermal effects of Triassic–Liassic basalt flow deposition on sedimentary series of the Argana Basin are responsible for major modifications in detrital clays, until 20 m in depth. It expressed by transformation of detrital smectite to corrensite and moreover to chlorite, and by increasing illite crystallinity. On the 2 m of sediments located immediately under the flow, magnesium-rich hydrothermal fluids have caused precipitation of new mineral phases. To cite this article: L. Daoudi, J.-L. Pot de Vin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 463–468.     

Les ensembles fluviatiles néogènes du bassin subandin d'Équateur et implications dynamiquesThe Neogene fluvial systems of the Ecuadorian foreland basin and dynamic inferences

A sedimentological study of the Neogene continental infill of the Subandean foreland basin of Ecuador led us to define an evolution of the fluvial system from an alluvial plain to an alluvial fan with an increasing slope in the same time as the drainage changed from mostly longitudinal to transverse. Combined with the data presently available on palaeotopography, exhumation, tectonic evolution and geomorphology, these results enable us to infer that, in contrast with the other Subandean foreland basins of Bolivia and Peru, the progradation of the Neogene alluvial fans proceeded by an overall expansion, associated with a relatively small tectonic shortening and not as a result of the development of successive thrust-related depocentres. This also indicates that the surrection of the Cordillera progressed in Ecuador throughout the Neogene. To cite this article: F. Christophoul et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 1029–1037.