Gap Filling and Quality Assessment of CO2 and Water Vapour Fluxes above an Urban Area with Radial Basis Function Neural Networks

Vertical turbulent fluxes of water vapour, carbon dioxide, and sensible heat were measured from 16 August to the 28 September 2006 near the city centre of Münster in north-west Germany. In comparison to results of measurements above homogeneous ecosystem sites, the CO₂ fluxes above the urban investigation area showed more peaks and higher variances during the course of a day, probably caused by traffic and other varying, anthropogenic sources. The main goal of this study is the introduction and establishment of a new gap filling procedure using radial basis function (RBF) neural networks, which is also applicable under complex environmental conditions. We applied adapted RBF neural networks within a combined modular expert system of neural networks as an innovative approach to fill data gaps in micrometeorological flux time series. We found that RBF networks are superior to multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural networks in the reproduction of the highly variable turbulent fluxes. In addition, we enhanced the methodology in the field of quality assessment for eddy covariance data. An RBF neural network mapping system was used to identify conditions of a turbulence regime that allows reliable quantification of turbulent fluxes through finding an acceptable minimum of the friction velocity. For the data analysed in this study, the minimum acceptable friction velocity was found to be 0.15 m s⁻¹. The obtained CO₂ fluxes, measured on a tower at 65 m a.g.l., reached average values of 12 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and fell to nighttime minimum values of 3 μmol m ⁻² s⁻¹. Mean daily CO₂ emissions of 21 g CO₂ m⁻²d ⁻¹ were obtained during our 6-week experiment. Hence, the city centre of Münster appeared to be a significant source of CO₂. The half-hourly average values of water vapour fluxes ranged between 0.062 and 0.989 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹and showed lower variances than the simultaneously measured fluxes of CO₂.     

区域GNSS网的整数卫星钟差解算

基于双差模糊度的整数性质,从理论上证明,通过固定基准模糊度可以使整网的星间单差模糊度都恢复整数性质,实现星间单差模糊度固定,从而得到整数卫星钟差。提出模糊度连续弧段的概念,改进基准模糊度选取方法。实验表明,对于1 d弧长的区域观测网数据,与旧方法相比,新方法获得的基准模糊度的数量增加近1倍;基准模糊度固定之后,窄巷模糊度成功固定的比例从60%左右提高到90%左右。将得到的整数卫星钟差用于30 min弧长的快速静态PPP,实现固定解的比例为96.00%。模糊度固定之后,PPP定位N、E、U方向的RMS分别达到7.3 mm、9.8 mm、23.3 mm。     

基于采样分布式估计器的多无人艇轨迹跟踪控制

提出了一种级联控制算法解决多无人艇（USVs）系统的分布式轨迹跟踪问题.这种控制算法可以分为两层：第一层是基于采样信息的分布式估计器,主要用于估计领航者的期望轨迹;第二层是每个无人艇的本地控制器,主要是结合滑模控制与神经网络径向基函数,在系统具有欠驱动、参数不确定性和扰动等因素的情况下,使其状态跟踪期望轨迹的本地估计值.为了求解上述跟踪控制问题,基于李雅普诺夫理论与级联系统理论,推导得到了所有无人艇位置状态收敛到期望轨迹的充分条件,并通过仿真结果验证了所提出控制方法的有效性与正确性.     

On the Distance Function Between Two Keplerian Elliptic Orbits

The problem of finding critical points of the distance function between two Keplerian elliptic orbits is reduced to the determination of all real roots of a trigonometric polynomial of degree 8. The coefficients of the polynomial are rational functions of orbital parameters. Using computer algebra methods we show that a polynomial of a smaller degree with such properties does not exist. This fact shows that our result cannot be improved and it allows us to construct an optimal algorithm to find the minimal distance between two Keplerian orbits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A pair of Langmuir cells in two laboratory tanks (II) on generation mechanism

Vertical and cross-wind profiles of mean currents were measured systematically in vertical cross-sections of two wind-wave tanks with aspect ratios of order one to study the secondary flow in the tanks. A pair of Langmuir cells turned out to be driven by a close combination of the pressure gradient along the tank and the side-wall effects. That is, part of the adverse pressure gradient produced a parabolic cross-wind profile with the smallest downwind current at the centerline and the largest current along the two sidewalls. As a result, upwelling occurred in the center zone where the return flow was strongest, probably because of the entrainment action of the wind-driven current. In order to compensate for this upwelling, downwelling occurred along the two side-walls from the flow continuity. The resulting vertical circulation formed a pair of Langmuir circulations across the span and served to maintain the parabolic profile formed by the pressure gradient. A positive feedback mechanism is thus found between the primary and secondary circulations through upwelling of the return flow in the center zone. Vertical shears of the span-averaged downwind current measured in two tanks were found to be systematically different from each other. This difference seems to depend on the magnitude of the advective Reynolds stresses in the two tanks.     

论煤田滑动构造与底板突水的关系--以肥城矿区为例

肥城矿区内重力滑动构造的基本特点是具有多层次性、多期性、小规模性和形式多样性。滑动构造加强了含水层之间的水力联系,降低了煤层底板的隔水能力,促进了岩石的应力溶蚀作用,复杂了水网络,减少了煤田深部不。     

参考作物腾发量预测的径向基函数法

探讨了采用径向基函数网络模型进行参考作物腾发量预测方法的可行性,设计多组数字实验处理研究了输入因子间相关性对网络模型预测准确性的影响,预测结果与Penman-Montieth方法计算结果比较表明,所确定的模型与改进的Penman公式计算值有很高的一致性,具有一定精度。     

RTK技术在沛县新城区图根控制测量中的应用

叙述了RTK技术在沛县新城区图根控制测量中的应用,通过比较分析说明：RTK的测量精度完全能够满足1：500地形测图图根控制的精度要求。     

径向基神经网络GPS高程转换方法

针对GPS高程转换问题,给出了基于径向基神经网络转换GPS高程的模型。用实际观测数据对该模型进行了试验,结果表明,用径向基神经网络转换GPS高程精度高于二次拟合法和BP神经网络法。径向基神经网络能够有效克服BP神经网络局部极小值的缺点,并且具有较高的收敛速度,在GPS高程转换方面具有广阔应用前景。     

Distribution of eddy scales for wave current combined flow

This paper illustrates the modulation of the eddy scale distribution due to superimposition of surface wave on only current flow. Time series data of three-dimensional velocity components were measured in a laboratory flume by a three-dimensional (3D) 16-MHz micro-acoustic Doppler velocimeter (Micro-ADV). The velocity time series of only current case and waves following the current were analysed to obtain the phase-averaged mean velocities, turbulent intensities, and Reynolds stress. The probability density function of phase-averaged stream-wise and vertical velocity fluctuations showed bimodal oscillations towards the free surface for higher frequency surface waves. It was revealed that surface waves along the current effectively decrease the intermittency of turbulence of the only current flow. Surface wave changed the intermittent structure of only current flow by modulation of the energy cascade mechanism of the only current flow by introduction of wave induced length scales. Also the scale of the finer dissipative eddies were prominently enhanced by the increase in surface wave frequency. Wavelet analysis of time series of velocity signals provided information on the eddy scale and their frequency of occurrence. It was found that the large eddies are carried by the crest regions of the progressive wave while the small scale eddies are carried by the trough regions.