Organic geochemical study of source rocks and natural gas and their genetic correlation in the eastern part of the Polish Outer Carpathians and Palaeozoic–Mesozoic basement

Geochemical characteristics of organic matter in the profiles of Dukla, Silesian, Sub-Silesian and Skole units of the Polish Outer Carpathians and of the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic basement in the Dębica-Rzeszów-Leżajsk-Sanok area were established based on Rock-Eval, vitrinite reflectance, isotopic and biomarker analyses of 485 rock samples. The Oligocene Menilite beds have the best hydrocarbon potential of all investigated formations within the Dukla, Silesian, and Skole units. The Ordovician, Silurian, Lower Devonian and locally Middle Jurassic strata of the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic basement are potential source rocks for oil and gas accumulated in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic reservoirs. Thirty one natural gas samples from sandstone reservoirs of the Lower Cretaceous-Lower Miocene strata within the Outer Carpathian sequence and eight from sandstone and carbonate reservoirs of the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic basement were analysed for molecular and isotopic compositions to determine their origin. Natural gases accumulated both in the Outer Carpathian and the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic basement reservoirs are genetically related to thermogenic and microbial processes. Thermogenic gaseous hydrocarbons that accumulated in the Dukla and Silesian units were generated from the Menilite beds. Thermogenic gaseous hydrocarbons that accumulated in the Sub-Silesian Unit most probably migrated from the Silesian Unit. Initial, and probably also secondary microbial methane component has been generated during microbial carbon dioxide reduction within the Oligocene Menilite beds in the Dukla Unit and Oligocene-Lower Miocene Krosno beds in the Silesian Unit. Natural gases that accumulated in traps within the Middle Devonian, Mississippian, Upper Jurassic, and Upper Cretaceous reservoirs of the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic basement were mainly generated during thermogenic processes and only sporadically from initial microbial processes. The thermogenic gases were generated from kerogen of the Ordovician-Silurian and Middle Jurassic strata. The microbial methane component occurs in a few fields of the Dukla and Silesian units and in the two accumulations in the Middle Devonian reservoirs of the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic basement.     

松辽盆地登娄库—永安地区油气成藏模式研究

在已了解的松辽盆地登娄库—永安地区构造和沉积演化特点的基础上,利用现有钻井的岩心资料、测井资料和地震资料,对该地区的成藏模式特征从运移方式和生储盖空间组合两个方面上进行了研究和分类,分析了各自形成的主控因素.研究表明,该区域地层具有断坳双层结构,按油气运移类型划分,在断陷期主要发育两种油气成藏模式,分别为原生油气成藏模式和次生油气成藏模式;在坳陷期主要发育次生油气成藏模式和混生油气藏.从储层与烃源岩的空间组合上来看,区域内主要发育有上生下储、下生上储和自生自储这三种油气成藏模式.形成这些不同成藏模式的主要因素是该区深至基底的大型断裂构造和继承性断裂、反转构造以及固有沉积环境等.     

The interplay between basement fabric,rifting, syn-rift folding,and inversion in the Rio do Peixe Basin,NE Brazil

The Rio do Peixe Basin is part of a series of aborted Cretaceous rifts formed within the Proterozoic Borborema Province, onshore NE Brazil in response to rifting between Africa and South America. The basin is remarkably well-imaged and comprises fault-bounded depocentres, the main ones being the NE-oriented Brejo das Freiras and the E–W-oriented Sousa half-grabens. These grabens and their bounding faults are influenced by Neoproterozoic basement shear zones and present a complex framework of secondary normal faults and folds. Recent workers also interpret large reverse faults and regional post-rift shortening driven by far-field stresses from the Andes. For those reasons, the basin represents an ideal setting to investigate the multiphase history of rift basins. We thus combine borehole-calibrated 2D and 3D seismic and magnetic data with section restoration and numerical modelling to investigate the architecture and evolution of this basin. We aim to understand: (i) the controls of the basement fabric in 3D fault architecture and kinematics and (ii) how syn-rift faults controlled the geometry and development of fault-related folds. By doing this, we also investigate the timing, kinematics, and magnitude of inversion in the basin to explore its multiphase history. We demonstrate that (i) the basement fabric controlled not only the strike of faults but also their geometry and polarity at depth, (ii) folds in the syn-rift sequence are attributed simply to syn-rift extension along stepped and/or curved faults, and (iii) inverted and/or reverse faults occur within the basin, but these are minor and appear to have formed during rifting. We explain this minor inversion by a change in plate kinematics related to the onset of the nearby transform margin to the north. These results have implications for understanding the 3D evolution of oblique grabens, the role of structural inheritance, and the recognition of inversion- versus extension-related folds in rift basins worldwide.     

东濮凹陷伸展连锁断层系统及其演化作用

东濮凹陷NNE向的主干基底断层向深部延伸与深层的拆离滑脱断层衔接在一起,与诱导出的调节断层以不同的方式连接,构成东濮凹陷的伸展连锁断层系统。东濮凹陷不同区段的连锁断层形态表现出不同的几何学和运动学特征。北区兰聊主断层面表现为相对较缓的平面式形态,伸展连锁断层系统总体上为多米诺式半地堑系。中区伸展连锁断层系统总体上表现为大型铲式正断层上盘的一个不对称的地堑。南区兰聊主断层面表现为坡坪式形态,断陷结构相对复杂。东濮凹陷伸展连锁断层系统的演化大体分为4期,不同区带伸展连锁断层系统演化模式不同,对古近系沉积和石油地质条件有较大的影响。     

地壳内部第二深度空间(5000～10000m)石油与天然气地球物理勘探:化石能源发展的必由之路

任何国家要快速工业化和经济腾飞均必须依赖于大量能源的供给和消耗,当今中国正处在快速发展之际,现已成为世界上化石能源消耗的第二大国,预测在2012年前后在一次性化石能源消耗中将会超过美国,而成为世界上第一能源消耗大国.面临这种必然的格局,我国必须不失时机地、多元化地利用世界能源,同时又必须坚定的立足于本土,建立起安全、可靠和能保证持续供给的能源战略后备基地.对国内外油、气发展势态的综合研究表明：(1)在中国油气的生、储构造和岩性极为复杂、油田整装性差的条件下,一定要正确、认识和厘定双相（陆相+海相）沉积盆地、古老结晶基底和双基混合成因（有机+无机）的理念,以拓展勘探和开发空间;(2)科学理解中国油、气储量和产量的潜力,强化第二深度空间（5000～10000 m）油、气能源的勘探和开发乃本世纪能源发展的必由之路;(3)加强地球物理勘探高、新科学与技术,即新理论、方法和新技术的研究和应用乃是发现深层大型、超大型油气田和提高油田采收率的根本保证.     

Influence of substrate tectonic heritage on the evolution of composite volcanoes: Predicting sites of flank eruption, lateral collapse, and erosion

This paper aims to aid understanding of the complicated interplay between construction and destruction of volcanoes, with an emphasis on the role of substrate tectonic heritage in controlling magma conduit geometry, lateral collapse, landslides, and preferential erosion pathways. The influence of basement structure on the development of six composite volcanoes located in different geodynamic/geological environments is described: Stromboli (Italy), in an island arc extensional tectonic setting, Ollagüe (Bolivia–Chile) in a cordilleran extensional setting, Kizimen (Russia) in a transtensional setting, Pinatubo (Philippines) in a transcurrent setting, Planchon (Chile) in a compressional cordilleran setting, and Mt. Etna (Italy) in a complex tectonic boundary setting. Analogue and numerical modelling results are used to enhance understanding of processes exemplified by these volcanic centres. We provide a comprehensive overview of this topic by considering a great deal of relevant, recently published studies and combine these with the presentation of new results, in order to contribute to the discussion on substrate tectonics and its control on volcano evolution. The results show that magma conduits in volcanic rift zones can be geometrically controlled by the regional tectonic stress field. Rift zones produce a lateral magma push that controls the direction of lateral collapse and can also trigger collapse. Once lateral collapse occurs, the resulting debuttressing produces a reorganization of the shallow-level magma migration pathways towards the collapse depression. Subsequent landslides and erosion tend to localize along rift zones. If a zone of weakness underlies a volcano, long-term creep can occur, deforming a large sector of the cone. This deformation can trigger landslides that propagate along the destabilized flank axis. In the absence of a rift zone, normal and transcurrent faults propagating from the substrate through the volcano can induce flank instability in directions respectively perpendicular and oblique to fault strike. This destabilization can evolve to lateral collapse with triggering mechanisms such as seismic activity or magmatic intrusion.     

辽吉古裂谷部分地区深部地质结构特征

在4条实测高精度重、磁剖面及MT剖面探测的基础上,结合区域地质资料及野外地质研究,对辽吉古元古代裂谷（简称辽吉裂谷）边界、内部地质结构和基底组成等深部地质问题进行了论述。 新获取的非震地球物理剖面为揭示辽吉裂谷的深部地质结构提供了重要信息,在MT剖面上发现沿连山关—赛马一线存在一个明显的南倾构造界面,该界面为控制辽吉裂谷北部边界的伸展断裂构造面,以往认为在本溪市—本溪县一线辽河群分布的北部边界应为辽吉裂谷的古地理边界;证实南北辽河群岩相的差异主要是由相变造成的;MT剖面揭示出辽吉裂谷内部具有复式褶皱结构特征,基底埋深可达10km以上;区域地质研究及重磁电联合反演结果表明辽吉裂谷的基底主要发育2种类型：一是太古代表壳岩花岗岩型;二是太古代花岗岩-古元古代花岗岩型。     

黔西南隐伏岩体圈定与金矿物源探讨

黔西南金矿勘查已升级至国家战略层面,弄清其成因机制具有重要意义。综合运用区域重磁资料,对区内深部基底物质进行研究,通过对浅、深部隐伏岩体圈定及地质-重力模型异常拟合计算,结合区域地质、矿产及化探资料,提出金矿成矿物源,主要有两种供给方式,一种为前人的由表层沉积岩提供矿源层,一种为本研究提出的由深部以中生代花岗岩或变质基底(含基性-超基性岩浆岩类参与)提供矿源层。厘定了12处浅部隐伏岩体异常区,分离出4大深部岩浆岩块体。研究成果基本反映了区内的客观地质现象和地质作用结果,为研究区金矿勘探提供相关依据。     

基于平面Delaunay三角网的多基站差分GPS数据处理方法

单基站差分GPS模式的结构和算法较为简单,其局限是要求动态站和基准站具有较强的误差相关性,一般要求两者之间的距离不能超过35km,否则精度很难满足要求,多基站差分GPS利用基准站均匀的空间分布和精确估计的基准站间的空间相关误差,最大程度的消除了基准站到动态站基线的空间误差,本文基于平面Delau-nay和重心基准原则的最佳三角网选择,对多基站差分GPS数据处理方法进行了分析。     

A 100 km-long paleomagnetic traverse radial to the Sudbury Structure, Canada and its bearing on Proterozoic deformation and metamorphism of the surrounding basement

The 1850 Ma Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC), considered to be a composite melt sheet of a major meteorite impact, has been deformed into an oval-shaped basin known as the Sudbury Structure. This paper explores to what extent this deformation has been communicated to the surrounding Archean basement around the northern margin of the SIC.Paleomagnetism of 2450 Ma Matachewan dykes and 1850 Ma impact breccia along a traverse, about 100 km-long and normal to strike of the contact between the SIC and the basement, suggests that the basement beneath the NW corner of the Sudbury Structure has been tilted to the SE within about 10 km of the contact. At this distance a possible fault separates the tilted region from one that shows no evidence of tilting. Petrographically the dykes out to a distance of about 50 km distant from the SIC are altered to upper greenschist facies of metamorphism with a fibrous amphibole replacing pyroxene and with loss of primary texture that characterizes less altered Matachewan dykes at distances greater than 50 km. The direction of magnetization found in the altered Matachewan dykes is an overprint which is probably associated with regional metamorphism related to orogenesis, or possibly with thermo-chemical alteration associated with SIC emplacement. The direction of the component is compatible with an age of about 1.8 to 1.9 Ga suggesting that the Penokean orogen is the most likely cause, if not the impact event. The paleomagnetism of the breccias, together with shatter cone orientation data, suggests that within 10 km of the SIC/basement contact, basement tilting to the southeast increases towards the SIC.