多层支撑深基坑变形数值模拟正交试验设计研究

分析了多层支撑深基坑设计中的多个参数,对诸如挡墙和支撑的刚度指标等参数选取进行了分析。对深开挖进行了多因素多水平的有限元数值模拟,在此基础上进行了支撑刚度、位移柔度数、土体变性及强度参数等5因素的4水平正交试验设计,得出了深开挖中的各个参数对多层支撑深开挖变形的影响程度和各个参数的灵敏度。分析结果表明,墙体的位移柔度数是控制基坑开挖变形的主要参数,其他的参数诸如土体的弹性模量等对基坑变形的影响较小。     

三维地形大地电磁场的边界元模拟方法

提出了一种用边界元法计算大地电磁场三维地形影响的数值模拟方法.首先用矢量积分理论和电磁场边界条件, 将上半空间(空气)和下半空间(地下介质)两个区域电磁场边值问题变为仅对地形界面的两个矢量面积分方程, 其中一个计算磁场, 称磁场方程; 另一个计算电场, 称电场方程.然后将对地形界面的积分剖分为一系列的三角单元积分.在三角单元积分中, 假设单元中电磁场为水平均匀大地空间电磁场与地形影响的迭加, 并假设地形影响为常项, 这样既保证了计算精度又使得计算方法简便.通过分解和计算, 每一个矢量面积分方程分解为对应3个坐标方向的3个常量线性方程, 这些线性方程组成了对角占优的线性方程组, 可用SSOR方法求解.文中给出了2个三维地形上大地电磁视电阻率曲线的计算结果.      

不同水资源情景下干旱区未来土地利用/覆盖变化模拟——以黑河中上游张掖市为例

应用回归分析方法确定对研究区土地利用/覆盖变化有重要贡献的10种驱动因子,用线性规划方法确定模型输入文件中模拟期间每年的各种土地利用类型面积.用ArcView空间分析的方法建立驱动力文件,利用SPSS13.0软件分析每种驱动力的权重(β值),建立Logistic方程,并将其作为模型输入文件.建立可利用水资源总量分别为18.0×10⁸m³,26.5×10⁸m³,35.0×10⁸m³的3种情景假设,应用CLUE-S模型模拟张掖市2001-2020年土地利用/覆盖变化变化.模拟结果显示:1)三种情景下,耕地的面积都在减少,耕地面积的减少量与可利用水资源总量呈负相关;2)林草地面积在3种情景下均增加,林草地面积的变化与可利用水资源总量呈正相关;3)在3种情景假设下,水域面积的变化都不明显;4)城镇用地面积变化与水量也呈正相关;5)未利用地面积持续减少.     

埋藏型岩溶地下水源地的三维数值模拟——以天津市宁河北岩溶地下水源地为例

根据宁河北岩溶地下水源地已有的水文地质勘查成果和大型抽水试验资料,对研究区水文地质条件进行概化,建立地下水流三维非稳定流数学模型并进行数值计算,对开采性抽水试验的地下水位变化过程进行模拟。结果表明,该模型可以刻画埋藏型水源地地下水流场的变化过程,用它对规划的水源地三种开采方案的开采动态进行预测计算也取得了良好的效果。模拟计算中将开采条件下浅层第四系含水层对深层奥陶系灰岩含水层的越流补给处理为边界条件,可以刻画埋藏型水源地在开采条件下获得的补给增量。      

数字图像处理技术在隧道掌子面的应用

在隧道施工过程中,为了解开挖方量以及隧道前方的地质构造等信息,有必要对掌子面图像进行分析。传统分析中大多数以人工素描为主,效果因人而异。为了克服传统方法的局限,将图形、图像处理及三维建模技术引入对掌子面图像的处理中,建立隧道掌子面地质图像画像系统,对一系列跟踪拍摄的掌子面图像进行处理,自动提取出掌子面上不同岩层的边界,获取岩层的特征信息,以此对围岩分级。根据相邻掌子面上岩层目标的对应关系,建立起隧道的三维模型,为隧道施工提供必要的参考信息。     

Effects of water extraction in a vulnerable phreatic aquifer: Consequences for groundwater contamination by pesticides, Sint-Jansteen area, The Netherlands

Pesticides are a potential threat to the quality of extracted groundwater when the water-supply area is used for agricultural activities. This problem is discussed for the water-supply area of Sint-Jansteen, The Netherlands, where measured pesticide concentrations in the extracted water regularly exceed EU limits (0.1 μg/L). Groundwater samples taken from the aquifer within the water-supply area show low contamination, but samples taken from the extracted water occasionally contain pesticides, making the water inadequate for drinking-water purposes. The more intense contamination of the extracted water is caused by the change in the natural groundwater flow pattern near the extraction wells. In this area, pesticide use cannot be avoided easily, and an approach is given to differentiate pesticide use in the area according to expected travel time toward the wells and the chemical characteristics of the pesticides. A groundwater flow model for the area is developed and the effects of groundwater extraction on the natural flow pattern are evaluated. Using particle tracking, the travel-time zones are determined. Combining these results and the degradation behavior of certain pesticides led to an optimal scheme to integrate agricultural activities and groundwater extraction in the area. This is illustrated for five different types of pesticides (atrazine, simazine, bentazone, MCPA, and mecoprop). Received, October 1998/Revised, July 1999, September 1999/Accepted, November 1999     

Legacies from three former manufactured-gas plants: impacts on groundwater quality

Groundwater contamination due to accidental releases of mono- and polycyclic aromatic compounds (MAHs and PAHs) from decommissioned manufactured-gas plants is an ongoing and litigious problem. The MAHs and PAHs are derived from coal tar, which was a by-product of the gas-manufacturing process. While originally designed to contain coal tar, the manufactured-gas plant structures that remain today have often degraded over time and are not completely leak-proof. Over a period of many years, subsurface water has seeped into and out of the structures, resulting in groundwater contamination. This was particularly true once the tops of the structures were removed. In this study, process-based simulations were conducted to estimate the groundwater-quality impacts of accidental releases of dissolved naphthalene (C₁₀H₈) from the sites of three former manufactured-gas plants. The results from one-dimensional, transient, unsaturated, near-surface fluid-flow and solute-transport simulations served as input to three-dimensional saturated subsurface fluid-flow and solute-transport simulations. The simulation results and sensitivity analysis reported here indicate that accidental releases of naphthalene had significant, negative impacts on groundwater quality at each of the three sites. Electronic Publication     

非均质介质中地下水流动与溶质运移模拟——问题与挑战

对大空间尺度和长时间跨度的地下水流动及污染物质运移进行预测的需求, 使水文地质研究面临异乎寻常的挑战.这些需求来自于对核废料地质储放方法的安全性评价、地下水污染状况评价及其治理方案的选择.流动系统的非均质性是地下水流动及物质运移模拟中最主要的困难之一, 这种困难来自对非均质系统进行特征描述(通过原位观测实现)、概念化及模拟.评述了非均质介质中流动运移模拟的一些重要问题与挑战, 讨论了解决的途径.讨论的主题包括: 动力流动的沟道化, 示踪剂穿透曲线, 裂隙岩石中流体流动的多尺度, 观测的不同尺度, 模拟、预测与非均质性以及系统特征描述和预测性模拟的分析.      

镶嵌图像上拼接缝 的消除方法

分析了基于小波变换的拼接缝消除方法的不足 ,提出了拼接缝消除的强制改正方法 ,并用实际图像进行了试验。结果表明 :文中提出的方法具有较好的拼接缝消除效果 ,算法简单 ,易于实现 ,可以处理彩色和黑白等多种图像。     

Site effects at Euroseistest—I. Determination of the valley structure and confrontation of observations with 1D analysis

This paper describes the process of construction of the 2D model of Volvi's geological structure and results of empirical and theoretical approaches to the evaluation of site response at Euroseistest. The construction of the 2D model is based on a re-interpretation of the available geophysical and geotechnical data in an effort to improve the definition of the subsoil structure at Euroseistest in terms of the most important parameters needed to model site response. The results of this re-interpretation are compared with a previous published 2D model of the same alluvial valley. Different analysis of the measurements and different criteria in the synthesis of data have led to a different model, even if both studies had access to the same field measurements. This underscores the fact that a model results of an interpretation and is not uniquely determined by the data, no matter how detailed they are. The well known subsoil structure opened the possibility to correlate the geometry and the dynamic properties of the 2D model with the results of site response determined from a detailed analysis of two events in frequency and time domains and 1D numerical modeling. The study of site response shows the important effect of the lateral variations on the ground motion and suggests that the contribution of locally generated surface waves to the resonant peak may be important. In the case of Volvi's graben, the limitations of the 1D approximation to simulate ground motion under complex soil conditions in both frequency and time domains are also shown. This paper lays the ground for a companion article dealing with 2D site effects in this basin.