Tsunami Wave Interaction with Data Buoys

To plan for proper mitigation measures, one should have an advanced knowledge of the phenomenon of tsunami propagation from the deep ocean to coastal waters. There are a few methods to predict tsunamis in the ocean waters; one method is the effective use of data buoy measurements. Although data buoys have been used along the Indian waters there has been a tremendous growth in the number of buoy deployment recently. Under the National Data Buoy Programme (NDBP) of India, the 2.2 m diameter discus data buoys were deployed along the east and west coasts of India for measuring meteorological and ocean parameters. It would be advantageous if these buoys could be efficiently used to measure rare events such as tsunamis. Understanding the dynamic behavior of the buoy is of prime importance if a tsunami warning system is to be successful. This may be accomplished through experimental or numerical studies. A comprehensive experimental study has been conducted to understand the dynamic behavior of a wave rider buoy exposed to a variety of waves. It is common that tsunami waves are represented in terms of shallow water waves, namely solitary and cnoidal waves. Hence, in the present study, the discus type data buoy is scale modeled and tested under the action of solitary and cnoidal waves in the laboratory. The time histories of wave elevations, as well as heave and pitch motions of the buoy model, were analyzed through a spectral approach as well as through wavelet transformations. The wavelet approach gives more detailed insight into the spectral characteristics of the buoy motion in the time scale. The harmonic analyses were performed for the cnoidal wave elevations and subsequent motion characteristics that give an insight into the energy variations. The details of the model, instrumentation, testing conditions and the results are presented in this paper.     

A three‐phase thermo‐hydro‐mechanical finite element model for freezing soils

Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is a commonly used technique in geotechnical engineering for ground improvement such as ground water control and temporary excavation support during tunnel construction in soft soils. The main potential problem connected with this technique is that it may produce heave and settlement at the ground surface, which may cause damage to the surface infrastructure. Additionally, the freezing process and the energy needed to obtain a stable frozen ground may be significantly influenced by seepage flow. Evidently, safe design and execution of AGF require a reliable prediction of the coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of freezing soils. With the theory of poromechanics, a three‐phase finite element soil model is proposed, considering solid particles, liquid water, and crystal ice as separate phases and mixture temperature, liquid pressure, and solid displacement as the primary field variables. In addition to the volume expansion of water transforming into ice, the contribution of the micro‐cryo‐suction mechanism to the frost heave phenomenon is described in the model using the theory of premelting dynamics. Through fundamental physical laws and corresponding state relations, the model captures various couplings among the phase transition, the liquid transport within the pore space, and the accompanying mechanical deformation. The verification and validation of the model are accomplished by means of selected analyses. An application example is related to AGF during tunnel excavation, investigating the influence of seepage flow on the freezing process and the time required to establish a closed supporting frozen arch. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The performance of the reformulated Gash's interception loss model in Mexico's northeastern temperate forests

The quantitative importance of rainfall interception loss and the performance of the reformulated Gash model were evaluated as a function of basal area in Mexico's northeastern temperate forest communities. A sensitivity analysis as well as an iterative search of parameters matched interception loss measurements and assessments and isolated coefficient values that drive the model performance. Set hypothesis was tested with a total of 73 rainfalls recorded on four forest stands with different canopy cover for model fitting (39) and validation (34). The reformulated Gash model predicted well rainfall interception loss because mean deviations between recorded and modelled interception loss as a function of gross rainfall, MD, were <2.6% and 5.3% for fitting and validating parameter data sets, respectively. Basal area was negatively related to the model performance, but maximum projected MD range values can be found in most interception loss studies, for example, <7% when basal area is <5 m² ha^?1. The wet canopy evaporation rate and the canopy storage coefficient drive interception loss and the iterative parameter search showed that high wet canopy evaporation rates were expected in these forests. These parameters must be further studied to physically explain drivers of high wet canopy evaporation rates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于广义Winkler弹性地基梁理论的梯形渠道冻胀力学模型

寒区渠道衬砌冻胀破坏现象普遍,而渠道的防冻工程设计大多依赖工程实践经验和定性认识,具有一定的随意性和盲目性,对衬砌结构所受的冻胀力计算缺乏简明、合理的方法。考虑冻土与衬砌的相互作用和冻土地基的连续性,基于广义Winkler地基梁理论并结合有限差分法,推导了渠道衬砌板冻胀挠曲线微分方程,建立了梯形渠道冻胀力学模型,给出了衬砌渠道法向冻胀力及切向冻结力的计算方法。同时,考虑渠道衬砌冻胀破坏的极限承载力以及冻胀过程中坡脚上抬位移对实际冻胀力的削减和释放效应,避免了冻胀力及衬砌结构内力计算值过大。为验证模型的合理性,以甘肃省靖会总干渠梯形渠道为研究对象,对其进行冻胀破坏计算。结果表明：模型由于考虑了衬砌结构与冻土间的相互作用,渠道衬砌板法向冻胀力呈非线性分布,修正了工程力学模型线性分布假设;与工程力学模型相比,冻胀力数值在坡脚处增大、跨中减小、底板上增大,计算结果更符合工程实际。研究提出的冻胀力学模型科学合理,简便快捷,具有更好的通用性,可为寒区渠道的抗冻胀设计提供参考。     

浅海伸缩套管钻探工艺研究

浅海取心钻探中钻遇易坍塌地层时,需要下放套管封隔地层,保证泥浆循环,换径继续钻进。现有常规下套管方法为使用带有钻台层甲板和套管层甲板的钻井船进行下放套管作业,部分无套管层甲板钻井船在遇到必须下套管的工况时,需临时搭建套管层平台进行下放套管作业,但受钻机和钻具体积及质量的限制。为解决无套管层甲板的钻井船在海洋钻探取心时需要下入套管的难题,设计了一种海洋钻探下入多层套管的工艺方法,利用可伸缩套管及相关设备,在海底井口与小型钻井船之间建立泥浆上返通道,封隔不稳定地层,实现泥浆回收循环及钻具升沉补偿。在钻井过程中,伸缩套管还可以起到导向定位的作用,防止潮差水流流速变化影响钻具下入,为浅海钻井节省时间和成本。     

冻融过程中土体水热力耦合作用理论和模型研究进展

随着冻土地区基础设施建设加快,冻害已成为寒区工程建设中迫切需要解决的问题.造成冻害现象的主要原因是土体的冻胀和融沉,而冻融过程受控于土体温度场、水分场、应力场及其变化规律.深入开展水热力耦合作用机理的研究对解决实际工程冻害问题具有重要的指导意义.对国内外在水热力耦合作用机理、耦合作用方程方面的研究进行了综评,指出了各种研究结果之间差异、不同冻胀模式建立的依据、研究方法以及适用条件,分析了目前冻融过程中土体水热力耦合作用理论和模型研究中存在的问题,提出了今后研究发展的方向.     

Temporal and spatial variations in periglacial soil movements on alpine crest slopes

This paper describes up to ten years of continuous monitoring of frost heave, creep and associated parameters on high mountain crest slopes in the Japanese and Swiss Alps, aiming to evaluate spatial and interannual variations in the rates and controls of soil movement. Shallow frost creep re?ecting diurnal frost heave activity dominates the crest slopes that lack a vegetation mat and have a thin debris mantle with good drainage. Seasonal frost heave activity can induce slightly deeper movement where ?ne soil exists below the depth reached by diurnal freeze–thaw penetration, although the shallow bedrock impedes movements below 20 cm depth. As a result, downslope velocity pro?les display strong concavity with surface velocities of 2–50 cm a^?1. The frost creep rates vary spatially, depending on the soil texture, slope gradient, frequency of temperature cycling across 0 °C and moisture availability during freeze–thaw periods. Soil movements recur in every freeze–thaw period, although with some interannual variations affected by the length of seasonal snow cover and the occurrence of precipitation during freeze–thaw periods. The Swiss Alps encounter more signi?cant interannual variations than the Japanese Alps, re?ecting the large variability of the annual snow regime. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

庐山运动

本文简述了庐山隆-滑构造的基本特征。在中元古代双桥山群底部的顺层韧变带中，把前人的断层构造砾或沉积成因的巨厚层状变质复成分砾岩，自上而下分离出三层砾：上部砾、中部砾、下部砾。其中上部砾为断层构造砾；中部砾不是砾，而是构造分泌物；下部砾为沉积底砾。在此基础上，同时参考研究区早元古代星子群与中元古代双桥山群构造、岩浆活动、变质作用等方面的差异，建立了“庐山运动”，其活动时间为2200～1800Ma，这可以与华北及华南其它地区同时期的构造运动相对比，但庐山运动的强度相对较弱，表现为以垂直隆升为特色的造陆运动，它曾使研究区早元古代晚期至少遭受过长达200Ma（1800～1600Ma）的风化、剥蚀作用。     

砂-砂砾换基防治渠道冻胀的研究

本文依据140组渠道工程上的实测数据,建立了残留冻胀率与换填比间的定量关系,据此得出了在地下水深埋和浅埋两种情况下,不同土质所要求的换填比。同时根据冻胀试验场220组粗粒土敏感性试验资料得出,当冻层与地下水距离大于或小于50cm时,应分别控制砂砾料内含土量不大于10％和5％。文末提出了防治砂砾料被含砂渠水污染及设立排水设施以保证换填防冻效果的两项措施。     

大兴安岭北部霍拉河盆地地质构造在冻土形成中的作用

霍拉河盆地周围山地与盆地的发育过程、构造活动方式,以及经受外营力作用不同,致使它们地质结构、沉积岩相、岩性、裂隙发育程度及地下水赋存规律等呈现明显差异。由此形成自盆地中心向四周山地冻土厚度明显变薄、温度升高,到周围山地某些地段出现融区。