宇地系统场沉积响应范例：蓟县系雾迷山巨旋回层序及节律

燕辽拗拉谷盆地是一个具有全球性对比意义的典型碳酸盐岩盆地。文中提出建立雾迷山亚系和相应统的划分方案,并指出蓟县系雾迷山亚系（MPSSⅡ）时期,属于盆地巨旋回的造礁沉积平衡补偿形成阶段,沉降幅度和沉积厚度巨大,发育有代表不同沉积环境的多种类型叠层石,在层序上构成明显的沉积韵律,并显示出受米兰科维奇周期、小行星云周期和银道面周期控制形成的不同级次的宇地系统沉积旋回韵律。同时,由于山海关古陆的周期性隆升作用,导致由热水硅质形成的燧石层和由红色物源输入形成的不同级次沉积层序,更为宇地系统控制层序的周期性增添了色彩。总之,蓟县系雾迷山期巨旋回是受宇地系统场控制成因的沉积响应的典范。科学探索与实践证明只有建立宇宙观的地球科学领域,才能不断地开拓地球科学研究的新视野。     

Mathematical identification of diffuse and localized instabilities in fluid‐saturated sands

The mathematical properties of diffuse and localized failure modes in fluid‐saturated sands are investigated. The granular medium is modeled as an elastoplastic solid, and a recently proposed set of scalar indices, here referred to as moduli of instability, is used to identify the onset of potential bifurcations of the incremental response. First, the analytical properties of these moduli are discussed, stressing their dependence on the kinematic constraints associated with the imposed deformation modes. Then, by using an elastoplastic model for sands, drained and undrained loading paths are simulated under axisymmetric, plane‐strain and simple shear conditions. For each deformation mode, the instability moduli are computed and monitored throughout the simulations, with the purpose of elucidating the consequences of changes in control conditions. In addition, it is illustrated that suitable linear transformations allow the same strategy to be used to perform drained or undrained shear band analyses and predict the interval of possible band inclinations. The final comparison against literature experiments on loose Hostun sand shows that the instability moduli are indicators of the loss of resistance against specific modes of deformation. As a result, they can be used to identify and explain a number of failure mechanisms that can be commonly observed in experiments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电离层LBH日辉辐射大视场计算方法

LBH日辉辐射是由光电子与氮气分子碰撞激发而产生的,是电离层在远紫外辐射波段中最强的分子辐射信号.从空间对电离层LBH日辉辐射进行成像观测为高层大气状态的监测提供了一种强有力的方法.本文分析了LBH辐射的谱带特征,采用电子碰撞直接激发理论,使用球几何大气模型,针对大视场观测模式,给出了一种改进的LBH日辉柱辐射率计算方法RAURIC.RAURIC针对AURIC辐射算法的局限性主要有两点改进：一是增加了观测方位角;二是考虑了沿观测视线LOS方向上太阳天顶角的变化.我们使用RAURIC计算了140~180 nm波段的LBH日辉辐射,并与AURIC进行了比较,结果表明：在天底方向上,二者具有非常好的一致性;在其他观测方向上,尤其在大视场观测模式下,则需要使用RAURIC进行计算.本文工作为电离层LBH日辉图像模拟技术与数据反演技术的研制奠定了基础.     

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC SPIRAL RAINBANDS AROUND THE LANDING OF TYPHOON HAITANG (2005)

By using WRF mesoscale model, this paper carries out a numerical simulation and diagnostic analysis of the structural characteristics of the asymmetric spiral rain bands around the landing of Typhoon Haitang during the period of July 19 to 20, 2005. The result indicated that the two rainbands associated with the precipitation centre was mainly located northeast of the typhoon centre. The movement and intensity of the southern rainband corresponded well with the 850-hPa positive vorticity band from 0200 to 1800 UTC July 19, 2005. Under the effect of cyclonic circulation, the positive vorticity band at 850 hPa connected with a southern rain band, leading to the intensification of rainfall in the southern centre of the precipitation. The southward rainband gradually moved toward and then merges with the northward one, strengthening the rainfall in the northern centre of the precipitation. Besides, the relationship between the heavy rainfall and the divergence field of vertical shear wind in the high altitude is analyzed. Finally, the relationship is revealed between the development of the vertical component of convective vorticity vector and the rainfall near the two centres of precipitation in the low altitude.     

平面应变状态下岩石剪切带网络数值模拟研究

研究了围压、端面约束、试件高度及界面特性对剪切带网络形成的影响。首先对影响剪切带网络形成的因素（包括试件高度、围压及温度、试件端部轴向应变大小的计算方法的差异）进行了分析。之后采用FLAC 3D对平面剪切带网络进行了数值模拟,其中摩擦角及内聚力为应变软化。探讨了倾向于出现剪切带网络的若干条件。若端面缚束较强且存在一定的侧压力,试件中部出现多重剪切带。若端面缚束较弱,试件端部易于形成剪切带网络,且随试件高度的增加剪切带条数增加。界面法向和切向刚度越大,剪切带穿越断层并按其固有方向延伸能力越强,剪切带网络格局越明显。获得的数值结果可在实验中找到佐证,并且可以用来解释地震中的一些剪切应变局部化现象。     

BIF微量稀土元素分析方法及其在冀东司家营铁矿中的应用

以硅铁条带交替出现为特征的条带状铁建造(BIF)是世界上最重要的铁矿资源类型,精确分析磁铁矿的化学组成具有重要意义。本文开展了磁铁矿样品不同溶样方法分析结果的比对,并详细分析和讨论了冀东司家营铁矿磁铁矿与燧石单条带的微量及REE元素分析的地球化学特征。分析结果表明,对于磁铁矿样品,常规HF+HNO₃溶样法与HBr+HNO₃组合溶样法具有一致的溶样效果;司家营BIF的Zr,Sc,Th含量极低,表明未受陆源碎屑的污染;铁质与硅质具有低LREE、高HREE、La和Y正异常的海水REE特征,同时具有Eu正异常的热液REE特征;Ce负异常的缺乏,说明当时的古海洋是一个缺氧的环境。研究发现富铁条带的稀土总量大于富硅条带的稀土总量,这可能与硅、铁沉积物的地球化学习性相关,铁质沉积物更易吸收稀土元素。富矿和普通矿石具有原生的热液与海水的混合来源,部分富矿受到后期流体的强烈扰动,甚至表现出热液流体的特征。     

Migmatite structures in the Central Gneiss Complex, Boca de Quadra, Alaska

Abstract Migmatite structures in the Coast Plutonic-Metamorphic Complex are well exposed in the inlet of Boca de Quadra, southeast Alaska. Two types of anatectic migmatites are present. Patch migmatites formed by in situ melting and subsequent crystallization of melt. Diktyonitic migmatites comprise a discontinuous veined network of leucocratic material, in which leucosomes enclose boudins of host rock. The margins of these boudins show the development of both melanosomes and shear band fabrics.
Strain analysis of diktyonitic melanosomes indicates that these regions have undergone volume decreases of 20-27%. This volume decrease is attributed to melt extraction into the adjacent fracture-filling leucosomes. Thus, diktyonitic migmatites formed by shear-induced segregation of partial melt, whereas in patch migmatites the lack of shear stresses inhibited melt segregation. The variable structural style of anatectic migmatites in Boca de Quadra is not related to host-rock composition, but may be due to differences in the amount of differential stress during migmatization. These in turn may be controlled by host-rock strength and/or diachroneity of migmatization and deformation.
Determination of volume changes during migmatization using strain analysis is potentially capable of discriminating intrusive and anatectic migmatites and consequently of documenting melt segregation and subsequent migration across crustal levels.     

马坑铁矿钻孔岩心红外光谱特征及蚀变分带特征研究

红外反射光谱技术可无损、快速、批量地识别出硅酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐等矿物,近年来在矿物学研究、地质勘探与找矿、矿山选冶等方面取得了较显著进展。尤其是热红外波段（6000~14500nm）可识别出辉石、石榴子石、橄榄石等蚀变矿物以及长石、石英等造岩矿物,对于矽卡岩型、铜镍硫化物型以及石英脉型等矿床地质找矿、矿床成因研究等具有重要意义。本文通过对国家实物地质资料馆馆藏的马坑铁矿钻孔岩心进行短波-热红外反射光谱测量与分析,总结马坑铁矿各蚀变矿物光谱特征,并快速厘定了该矿床的蚀变矿物类型及组合特征。马坑铁矿蚀变矿物主要有石榴子石、辉石、碳酸盐、绿泥石、绢（白）云母、角闪石、绿帘石、蒙脱石、石膏等。石榴子石热红外光谱特征是在9199nm、9730nm、10500nm及11100nm处具有明显的反射特征,辉石热红外光谱特征主要是在11500nm和12150nm处具有明显的吸收特征。红外光谱分析表明蚀变矿物在空间上呈现出明显的分带性,蚀变矿物组合及分布严格受围岩岩性和热液交代的双重控制。通过红外反射光谱蚀变矿物组合特征研究,“石榴子石+辉石”可作为矽卡岩型矿床的标型矿物组合,蚀变分带特征也反映了主矿体从高温到低温的变化过程;结合矿床地质特征,推断出马坑铁矿为典型的层控矽卡岩型矿床。本研究可为矽卡岩型矿床的成矿规律认识和找矿勘探等方面提供科学支撑。     

Modeling infrared absorption bands with nonspherical particles

We investigated the two deepest absorption bands observed in the spectra of stars and protostars, the water-ice band with the center near 3.1 μm and the silicate band with the center near 9.7 μm, by using a core-mantle confocal spheroid model with various axial ratios and relative volumes of the core material. We considered the effect of grain size, shape, structure, chemical composition, and orientation on the central wavelengths of the two bands, their full widths at half maximum (FWHMs), the ratio of the optical depths at their centers, and the polarization. We found that the observed relationships between the FWHMs of the bands and the ratio of their optical depths at the band centers could be explained if we chose slightly oblate or prolate particles (a/b ? 2) of small sizes (r_v ? 0.35 μm) with a silicate core and a thin ice mantle (V_core/V_total ? 0.7).