登陆过程中热带风暴"黄蜂"螺旋云带的分析

分析了热带风暴"黄蜂"在登陆过程中逐小时高分辨红外云图上的螺旋云带及其强对流云团的变化规律.从强对流云团发展为主螺旋云带的演变过程中,螺旋云带主要表现为其前端的对流逐渐加强,其余部分逐渐减弱,以及前端的强对流云团总体表现为旋入运动且维持时间较长,而其余部分的云团总体表现为远离中心等的特征.初步探讨了螺旋云带结构变化与风暴强度之间的关系和"黄蜂"在登陆后迅速减弱的可能原因.     

MAXIMUM INFORMATION ENTROPY THEORY OF EFFLUENT BAND IN OPEN CHANNEL UNIFORM FLOW

ＭＡＸＩＭＵＭＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＥＮＴＲＯＰＹＴＨＥＯＲＹＯＦＥＦＦＬＵＥＮＴＢＡＮＤＩＮＯＰＥＮＣＨＡＮＮＥＬＵＮＩＦＯＲＭＦＬＯＷＫｅＺｈｏｎｇＨＵＡＮＧ１ａｎｄＴａｏＪＩＡＮＧ２ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＴｈｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｏｆｍａｘｉｍｕｍ...     

频率可切换的矩形缝隙环频率选择表面

基于金属屏上周期排列的缝隙单元结构的通带特性,提出矩形缝隙环(Rectangular Slot Ring,RSR)加载短路线的单元结构实现频率可调频率选择表面(Frequency Selective Surface,FSS).谐振缝隙单元开路与短路时相对应的谐振频率分别为13 GHz和15 GHz.RSR-FSS选用Rogers RO4003介质作为基板,按照12×12的方阵进行周期排列,利用全波电磁仿真软件CST对其进行了电磁传输特性仿真.最终,通过实验验证了该频率选择表面在Ku波段通过连通和断开短路线可以进行频率的切换.     

Emerging coral diseases: a temperature‐driven process?

In the last few decades there has been a surge in research focusing on coral disease. While climate change, specifically rising sea surface temperature, has been proposed as a major and growing driver of the emergence of marine diseases, to date a solid connection between disease epizootics and elevated sea surface temperature has not been established. However, a wealth of data now exists, compiled from many different perspectives, that may support such a connection. In this work we provide a comprehensive review targeting one coral disease, black band disease, that spans the infection process, pathobiology, and epizootiology, and links specific mechanisms of the disease process to increasing temperatures. This temperature‐driven pattern of infection can be expanded to include similar processes associated with other temperature‐related coral diseases. The conclusions presented here are based upon the results of many studies using a diverse suite of approaches that have been synthesized to argue that the emergence and continuing spread of black band disease is linked to warming sea surface temperatures. In summary, as global ocean temperatures increase seasonally and over decades, the environment shifts to become more favorable for the growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms endemic to the immediate environment of the reef. The increase in the relative number of potential pathogens in the microbial community produces microenvironments conducive to the growth of other potential pathogens, leading to infection by a polymicrobial consortium. This consortium is easily perturbed by a (seasonal) temperature decrease, but remains associated with the coral host and can be reactivated with a subsequent seasonal increase in temperature, resulting in a cycle of temperature‐dependent disease emergence.     

三体散射长钉（TBSS）在C波段雷达中的应用研究

利用普洱CIND3830-CC天气雷达资料、地面观测资料进行统计分析,研究2004-2013年普洱C波段天气雷达中27次三体散射长钉(TBSS)的统计特征、地面降雹与TBSS的对应关系,并对TBSS在冰雹预警方面的应用进行探讨,结果表明:(1)C波段雷达中,产生TBSS的回波的反射率因子范围为55.0~68.4 dBz,70%的TBSS出现在反射率因子≥60 dBz时。(2)TBSS的维持时间为10~79 min,63%的TBSS维持时间超过20 min。(3)TBSS一般出现在4.0~9.5 km,最低出现在2.6 km,最高出现在11.4 km。(4)TBSS长5.6~22.4 km,宽1.5~14.6 km,TBSS宽度与强回波区径向外侧的60 dBz以上回波的面积成正比,但TBSS的长度与反射率因子核心的强度和宽度无明显对应关系。(5)出现TBSS时,59%的回波出现了降雹,11%的回波出现了强冰雹。(6)出现TBSS且出现降雹的过程中,TBSS预报冰雹的时间提前量为5~100 min,平均为34.5 min。(7)在出现TBSS且出现降雹的过程中,TBSS的宽度与冰雹的大小或降雹密度成正比。此外,分析了出现TBSS但未降雹的原因,找出了TBSS配合垂直液态水含量密度(D_(VIL))和45 dBz伸展高度、TBSS配合回波宽度和45 dBz伸展高度的预报冰雹的方法,在出现TBSS特征的回波中,上述方法的预报准确率分别达89%和94%(临界成功指数为0.89和0.94)。     

相控阵雷达扫描方式对回波强度测量的影响

有源数字阵列雷达的波束设计非常灵活,可变的波束宽度和多波束模式不仅可以满足不同任务的观测需求,还可有效节约扫描时间,但阵列天线参数随波位改变的特性对相控阵天气雷达回波强度的精确定标提出了挑战。2013年4—6月,中国气象科学研究院与安徽四创电子股份有限公司联合研发的X波段一维有源相控阵天气雷达 (X-PAR) 进行了装配后的首次测试观测。对比该雷达与相同位置的C波段双线偏振雷达 (C-POL) 观测资料发现,X-PAR不同宽度的扫描波束均能取得较合理的观测资料。但由于各模式的雷达方程及其标定方法不尽相同,并受到阵列天线照射体积、展宽波束和发射增益的影响,造成X-PAR回波强度存在一定的测量偏差。结合天线参数分析和实际数据统计将测量偏差订正至±1 dB内,为雷达的进一步调试和改进提供了依据。     

一种基于最佳指数模型的 TM 遥感影像最佳波段组合计算方法

如何通过定量计算选择最佳波段组合一直是TM等多波段遥感影像信息提取的研究热点。本文综合利用Erdas提供的可视化空间建模工具（ Spatial Modeler ）和面向对象的编程技术,提出了一种基于最佳指数（ Opti-mum Index Factor ,OIF）的定量计算与定性分析相结合的TM遥感影像最佳波段组合方法。实验证明,该方法快速有效,极大提升了TM等多波段遥感影像最佳波段组合的计算过程。     

An approach to determining the thicknesses of shear bands with an echelon‐crack structure

In this paper, the internal structure of shear band is investigated, and a model of the shear band with an echelon crack structure is developed. The model assumes the shear band to be composed of two conjugate sets of echelon cracks, such that the smaller echelon cracks are embedded in the space of the larger ones. The additional strain induced by the echelon cracks and the anisotropic development of the compliance tensor in the shear band zone are analyzed. The critical crack density at the onset of shear band is obtained by applying the bifurcation condition. Deviating from previous approaches, the new procedure evaluates the thickness of shear band based on the geometrical characteristics of echelon crack arrays and the failure probability of grain boundaries in the longitudinal direction at the onset of shear band. Parametric analysis shows that grain size, internal friction angle, dilation angle, and failure probability of grain boundaries are the dominant factors that account for the shear band thickness. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data available in the literature. The model soundly explains that the measurements of the shear band thickness are generally scattered, ranging from 4 to 30 (or even more) times the grain size. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水面菲涅尔反射对~761 nm叶绿素荧光估算的影响

叶绿素荧光是光合作用的有效探针,可用于海洋浮游植物的监测与定量评估。太阳诱导叶绿素荧光覆盖可见光—近红外650—800 nm,在～685 nm与～740 nm表现出两个形态不同的荧光峰特征。基于～685 nm荧光峰的叶绿素浓度反演算法较为成熟,但在高悬浮物和高叶绿素浓度的水体中,算法的有效性不足。基于叶绿素荧光在氧气吸收谱段(O2-A)的填充作用,水体遥感反射率光谱～761 nm峰值中包含有太阳诱导叶绿素荧光信号,能用于水体叶绿素浓度的估算,但该反射峰形态特征还取决于传感器的光谱分辨率。本研究基于不同光谱分辨率的大气吸收谱线特征,模拟了水体遥感反射率光谱(750—775 nm)上太阳诱导叶绿素荧光的信号响应特征;分析了利用遥感反射率(～761 nm)计算叶绿素荧光的原理,阐明了不同光谱分辨率条件下水体叶绿素荧光信号在反射光谱上的形态变化规律。采用水面以上测量法获取的离水光谱辐亮度,包含了水面的菲涅尔反射信号,由于真实的菲涅尔系数难以准确测量,这给基于～761 nm处遥感反射率峰值的荧光信号估算带来不确定性影响。研究表明,假定菲涅尔系数为0时,虽然～761 nm叶绿素荧光信号与其浓度具有较好的线性统计关系,但却带来较大的不确定性;这种不确定的影响,在低浓度叶绿素水体中表现明显,在高浓度叶绿素水体中,影响相对较小;准确估算菲涅尔系数,有助于减少这种不确定性影响。对基于遥感反射率～761 nm叶绿素荧光信号的深入探讨,将能推动未来水体叶绿素荧光的识别与利用。