大口径硬岩钻凿技术现状与研究方向

大口径硬岩钻凿是一个技术难题,尽管国内外科学家和工程技术人员研究思路及方法较多,并取得了一定效果,但是,仍然存在着各种问题和不足。笔者对目前国内外研究现状作了简要综述,并结合国情对其研究方向和思路提出了自己的观点。     

嵌岩扩底灌注桩及MRR型基岩扩底钻头

简要介绍了国内外扩底技术现状、扩底灌注桩的特点、ＭＲＲ型基岩扩底钻头的结构衣技术参数，结合工程实例对ＭＲＲ１０００钻头的使用效果进行了分析。     

The strength and rheology of commercial tungsten carbide cermets used in high-pressure apparatus

Uniaxial compressive stress-strain curves have been measured on a suite of 26 commercial grades of tungsten carbide cermets and three maraging steels of interest for use in high-pressure apparatus. Tests were conducted on cylindrical specimens with a length to diameter ratio of two. Load was applied to the specimens by tungsten carbide anvils padded by extrudable lead disks. Interference fit binding rings of maraging steel were pressed on to the ends of the specimens to inhibit premature corner fractures. Bonded resistance strain gages were used to measure both axial and tangential strains. Deformation was exremely uniform in the central, gauged portion of the specimens. Tests were conducted at a constant engineering strain rate of 1×10^–5s^–1. The composition of the specimens was principally WC/Co with minor amounts of other carbides in some cases. The Co weight fraction ranged from 2 to 15%. Observed compressive strengths ranged from about 4 to just above 8 GPa. Axial strain amplitude at failure varied from 1.5% to 9%. Representative stress-strain curves and a ranking of the grades in terms of yield strength and strain at failure are presented. A power law strain hardening relation and the Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain equation were fit to the data. Fits were very good for both functions to axial strain amplitudes of about 2%. The failure of these established functions is accompanied by an abrupt change in the trend of volumetric strain consistent with the onset of substantial microcrack volume.     

稀土富铁金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿的研究

采用稀土La掺杂的添加方式，优选富铁硬质合金基体的配方，通过基体的力学性质测试以及金相分析确定了YGl5富铁硬质合金的基体配方，确定出最佳稀土La添加量为0．5％质量比。单齿抗冲击试验表明，这种复合齿具有良好的抗冲击性能。室内钻进试验说明，适当配方的稀土富铁金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿具有良好的抗冲击性，较强的研磨能力和对岩样的广谱性。同时，通过野外实际钻进进一步说明，这种复合齿钻头具有高时效性。通过调整金刚石的镀覆方式和物质，金刚石浓度以及烧结工艺，来控制复合齿的性能，从而使稀土富铁金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿钻头具有高时效、长寿命等特点。     

孕镶金刚石钻头工作温升的理论分析

在研究钻进规程参数对钻头温升的影响过程中，以能量守恒定律为基础，建立了钻头与岩石系统的能量守恒数学模型。研究表明：在一定范围内，钻头的温升与钻压与转速的乘积呈线性关系，钻压与转速对钻头温升的影响是等效的；通过谐振子模型研究摩擦热能的产生和分配，得出以下结论：摩擦热能在钻头与岩石之间的分配，与其各自弹性模量(硬度)有关，热能的分配与其弹性模量成反比，即Q1：Q2=E2：E1。     

牙轮钻头振动规律分析

通过大量的实验数据，对三牙轮钻头在井底振动时干扰力的幅值和频率进行了全面而细致的分析，摸索出了其在井底的振动规律，提高了井下钻具动力学分析的准确度，可在一定程度上减少钻具失效、节约钻井成本。     

Place vs. time and vegetational persistence: a comparison of four tropical mires from the Illinois Basin during the height of the Pennsylvanian Ice Age

Coal balls were collected from four coal beds in the southeastern part of the Illinois Basin. Collections were made from the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker coals in western Kentucky, and from the Danville Coal in southwestern Indiana. These four coal beds are among the principal mineable coals of the Illinois Basin and belong to the Carbondale and Shelburn Formations of late Middle Pennsylvanian age. Vegetational composition was analyzed quantitatively. Coal-ball samples from the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker are dominated by the lycopsid tree Lepidophloios, with lesser numbers of Psaronius tree ferns, medullosan pteridosperms, and the lycopsid trees Synchysidendron and Diaphorodendron. This vegetation is similar to that found in the Springfield and Herrin coals elsewhere in the Illinois Basin, as reported in previous studies. The Danville coal sample, which is considerably smaller than the others, is dominated by Psaronius with the lycopsids Sigillaria and Synchysidendron as subdominants.Coal balls from the Springfield coal were collected in zones directly from the coal bed and their zone-by-zone composition indicates three to four distinct plant assemblages. The other coals were analyzed as whole-seam random samples, averaging the landscape composition of the parent mire environments. This analysis indicates that these coals, separated from each other by marine and terrestrial-clastic deposits, have essentially the same floristic composition and, thus, appear to represent a common species pool that persisted throughout the late Middle Pennsylvanian, despite changes in baselevel and climate attendant the glacial–interglacial cyclicity of the Pennsylvanian ice age. Patterns of species abundance and diversity are much the same for the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker, although each coal, both in the local area sampled, and regionally, has its own paleobotanical peculiarities. Despite minor differences, these coals indicate a high degree of recurrence of assemblage and landscape organization. The Danville departs dramatically from the dominance–diversity composition of the older coals, presaging patterns of tree–fern and Sigillaria dominance of Late Pennsylvanian coals of the eastern United States, but, nonetheless, built on a species pool shared with the older coals.     

CaZrO_3的性质及其在耐火材料中的应用

随着钢水的优质化,对有关的耐火材料提出了更高的要求,特别是耐火材料不能对钢水造成污染的要求。ＣａＯ耐火材料不仅不污染钢水且能捕获钢液中的氧化物夹杂物,具有净化钢水的作用［１］。然而ＣａＯ在空气中极易水化,故其使用受到限制。尽管各种防止ＣａＯ水化的技术不断有所发展［２］,但水化仍不可避免。不少研究在不破坏ＣａＯ性质的前提下,采用稳定的化合物形式,获得很好的效果。在ＣａＯ的化合物中,作为耐火材料使用最成功的是ＣａＯ与ＺｒＯ２的化合物ＣａＺｒＯ３［３］。它具有很好的抗水化性能,熔点也很高。在连铸温度下…     

刮刀钻头钻进中几个问题的讨论

分析了刮刀钻头钻进时刀刃和钻具的受力情况;讨论了“蹩钻”的原因和控制办法。