新疆天山地区b值时空变化特征

通过分析新疆天山中东段和南天山西段地区2000年以来的以最小完整性震级(Magnitude of completeness,Mc)下限为基础的b值时空扫描图像,得到天山中东段和南天山西段两个不同区域的b值异常指标,研究结果表明:1天山中东段地区b值背景为0.705±0.004;南天山西段b值背景为0.583±0.003,略低于天山中东段b值背景水平。2 2003—2012年研究区内4次6级以上地震前,震中位置的b值多数处于低值状态,而震中附近区域其b值相对较高,反映出应力积累变化的主要方向。     

THE MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF b-VALUE IN MAGNITUDE-FREQUENCY RELATION AND ANALYSIS OF ITS INFLUENCING FACTORS

b-value in the magnitude-frequency(G-R)relationship plays a vital role in seismicity research and seismic hazard analysis, and the most commonly used techniques to simulate it are least square approach and maximum likelihood method. Least square method is simple and easy to apply, therefore widely used in China. However, many researches show that there exist some limits in least square estimation of b-value. Earthquakes with different magnitudes are not equally weighted in this method, and larger events have higher weights, so b-value is vulnerable to the fluctuation of several big earthquakes; meanwhile, least square method needs to divide magnitude intervals artificially. With a small sample size, data points could be not enough if the magnitude interval is too wide, and events in a magnitude interval may be lacking if it is divided to be too narrow. Especially for incremental G-R relationship, it is possible that N(M_i)equals 0 in an interval with large magnitude, so log(N(M_i))loses meaning and has to be ignored, resulting in a low b-value. Therefore, under certain conditions, maximum likelihood method is recommended as an effective substitution or supplementary for least square estimation of b-value. Among numerous previous researches on maximum likelihood estimation of b-value, lots of equations have been provided, based on varied implicit assumptions and different ways of solution. A brief overview is first presented for these equations, and classification and summary are provided based on whether taking account of the effect of binned magnitude, with finite maximum magnitude, using unequal observation periods for different magnitude intervals, and with analytic solution or not. Following this, a total of 6 influential factors are analyzed, such as binning magnitude, measurement errors of magnitude, sample size, magnitude span, minimum completeness magnitude and fore- and aftershocks. At last, reasonable suggestions are provided for using those equations properly. The equations of Aki(1965), Utsu(1965), Page(1968)and Kijko and Smit(2012)are based on assumption that magnitudes are continuous random variables, and have no corrections for this, so these equations are not recommended here. For simplicity, the equations of Utsu(1966)or Tinti and Mulargia(1987)can be used, but magnitude span should be greater than 2.5 due to without finite maximum magnitude in the formulas. For researchers having capability to write code and calculate numerically, Weichert(1980)or Bender(1983)'s algorithm could be utilized. Especially when it is required to apply data with different observation periods for varied magnitudes, the formula of Weichert(1980)is recommended. This study contributes to more accurately understand and use different formulas of estimating b-value by maximum likelihood technique, which can be used as reference for peers.     

汶川地震前后b值的时空变化及构造意义

地震b值与地应力具有密切的关系,即高应力对应低b值,研究汶川地震区b值的时空变化可以获得地震前后的应力演化过程.本文通过震源位置和速度模型联合反演的方法和双差定位法对龙门山地区汶川地震(M_s8.0)前后的地震进行了重定位工作,在此基础上精确计算了汶川地震前后不同时间段内b值大小的变化趋势及b值空间分布.结果显示:(1)b值在深度上存在明显的分层性,15 km以上b值较高,15 km以下b值较低,反映上部岩石为脆性,下部岩石为韧性的特征;(2)区域平均b值在汶川地震之后出现下降,而后有所恢复并逐渐增加,芦山地震后又降低,反映了龙门山断裂带的同震变化和震后愈合过程;(3)分时段b值空间分布结果显示,在芦山地震之后,汶川地震破裂区b值下降,即应力增加,这意味着汶川芦山地震之间的空段存在韧性变形,且芦山地震的发生促进了汶川地震破裂区的愈合;(4)映秀附近彭灌杂岩区在震前呈现低b值异常,反映该区域存在较大的差应力,可能是震后最大位错发生在该区域的根本原因.     

b-value and fractal dimension variations in Iran

Iran sits on a region with a high intrinsic level of seismic activity due to its tectonic setting. Through statistical examination of the earthquakes listed in the catalogue from International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), this research attempted to calculate some seismicity factors and find correlation between them. A preliminary analysis indicated changes in the b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter relationship over the study region. Thus, the study area was divided into five zones (Alborz, Zagros, Azerbaijan, Central and East) and b-value was computed for each zone. Considering faulting mechanism styles and the b-values in the region, it was found that the lowest b-values belong to the thrust events and strike-slip faulting earthquakes have intermediate values. These findings support previous studies. Furthermore, results of b-value calculation were used for the estimation of accumulated differential stresses (σ₁–σ₂) over each zone. Overall, the b-value for Iran is averagely low which signifies the high stress tectonic regime in this region. Also, by having calculated fractal dimension (D) in each zone, a correlation obtained showing that in Iran region, the b-value correlates to fractal dimension by D = 4.2b–2 relation which does not support Aki's (1981) speculation of D = 3b/c.     

2003年内蒙古巴林左旗—阿鲁科尔沁旗5.9级地震测震学指标异常分析

2003年8月16日,在内蒙古巴林左旗与阿鲁科尔沁旗交界处发生MS5.9地震。以本次地震为研究对象,结合震中区地震地质背景,从地震活动性和震害分布特征两个方面进行了分析。根据b值、波速比(VP/VS)和地震空间相关长度在震前的变化,探讨了地震前震源区地下介质体的演变过程,并对此次地震的孕震过程做出了初步推断。本次地震前波速比和地震空间相关长度的变化规律对该区域未来中强地震预测有一定借鉴意义。     

华北地区的背景地震活动及区域未来强震危险性

华北地区的历史强震活动非常频繁。 然而, 自1998年张北M_S6.2地震以来, 该地区已经经历了10多年的地震平静期, 中强震平静现象比较突出。 本文利用1970年至2009年的小震资料, 对华北地区的背景地震活动进行分析, 给出了地震活动性参数b值、 最大震级以及强震复发间隔和强震年平均发生概率的空间分布。 b值空间分布表明, 山西构造带的运城地区, 郯庐断裂带的宿迁地区以及太行山块体内部的石家庄地区的b值较低。 地震活动性参数的综合空间图像表明华北地区的地震活动主要受区域深部动力因素所控制。     

Spatial Distribution of Return Period in China Based on b-value Obtained by Using a New Method

ConsldeMle research has been po山med on the卜quency－删哪tude relation since仇tenbe恰Rlchterproposed the relationLog N＝a＋bM ()WhereM Is the nunlmumm昭nltude In the data sam卫ie for a celtaln region,N Is the cumulativeMquency ofevents In a celtaln time Interval ithm用刃ltude h锣rthan or equal to M,and a and bfilE COllstsfitS．Experimental researches on the G－R relation coMmed that the b decreases ith the de耶e ofbeteing6nelty and density Of the c。ohs In the。dlum(Mogi,1967)．The …     

怎样正确计算b值

在我们研究震级一频度客观分布的基础上,根据数理统计理论和大量的实际地震活动资料,对b值的正确计算问题进行了详细的讨论,结果认为最小二乘法是计算b值的最好方法。此外,还认真地研究了与b值正确计算有关的下限震级、上限震级、样本数以及震级分档区间等具体问题,并给出了它们的合理选择方法。     

围压下岩石破坏声发射测试系统及震级频度关系的实验研究

震级频度关系的Gutenburg-Richter公式近年来受到了挑战,一些学者在不同条件下都发现了b值的非线性表现。本文利用自己装配的实验系统对围压下岩石破裂声发射活动的震级频度关系和时间序列特征进行了研究。实验表明AE事件的震级频度关系在某个中强震级K′之前基本符合b值规律,其b值的大小与破裂方式有关。在摩擦滑动中AE序列具有低b值的特征。从K′起震级频度关系出现明显的非线性现象。根据非线性表现的不同,可将其分为第一型和第二型两类。在AE序列中,也存在着“特征震级”的现象     

基于Dieterich地震发生率模型分析前震成因的力学机制

前震是地震前兆观测中的一个重要物理量,前震的研究对地震预测的发展尤为重要,前震序列的典型特征包括加速发生的小震与古登堡-里克特定律（Gutenberg-Richter Law）中的b值变小.本文在Dieterich提出的地震发生率模型的基础上,探讨前震发生的力学成因机制及前震-主震-余震时域演化特征.模型分析结果表明,前震震源区断层及其断层周边剪应力加载速率的变化可能是前震发生及地震发生率变化的一个关键原因.由于前震震源区次级断层之间剪应力加载速率受来自主震成核过程中断层自加速滑移的影响升高,从而可导致这些次级断裂的加速失稳,即加速前震的发生.当震源区内由前震所产生的静态应力扰动不可忽略时,应力扰动和主震成核的共同作用也可对后续前震发生率产生影响.当正向应力扰动出现时,后续的前震序列的地震发生率会出现陡增,随后其地震发生率逐渐下降.而当负向应力扰动出现时,地震发生率会出现陡降,然后再次逐渐上升.基于Kostrov模型,本文得到了剪应力加载速率与古登堡-里克特定律中b值的关系式,结果表明前震序列中b值的减小与前震区内的剪应力加载速率的上升有关.