Integrating Environmental Education Into Business Schools' Educational Plans in Finland

Environmental education in business school context has a significant effect on the way companies view environmental problems. Business schools train the future decision makers who can, with their own attitudes and practical actions, influence the contribution of business to the process of ecologically sustainable development. However, several studies show that no systematic thinking has been undertaken within business education as to what the educational prerequisites of the process of ecologically sustainable development are. In this article, I will firstly analyze by means of environmental education how business polytechnics in Finland have taken into consideration ecologically sustainable development. Secondly, I will raise the starting points for the development of the implementation of environmental education as part of the business schools▪ educational plans. Integrating environmental education into the vocational courses is identified as being one of the most effective ways of increasing the effectiveness of environmental education. Thirdly, the emphasis is on identification of barriers of integrating environmental education into the educational plans of business polytechnics. Theoretically, the article is attached to the objectives and learning concepts of environmental education and to educational planning theory in general. The empirical data are based on interviews I conducted 1999–2000 in all Finnish polytechnics offering business education. My article increases theoretical and practical understanding of how environmental education should be implemented in business education and how the current situation could be developed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国珠宝教育三十年

以中国珠宝教育三十年的发展历史为研究对象,以珠宝教育的发展时序为研究线索,以标志性的发展事件为研究依据,采用多方聆听亲历者讲述,结合文献与事件的考证,力求真实地还原中国珠宝教育过往的三十年历史。并在此基础上,提出了中国珠宝教育经历的三个主要发展阶段,即：社会通力共建的开创期,机构承担教育功能的成型期,构建专业学科的成熟期,并详细地论述了各个阶段的文化背景、发生环境、组织参与和重要成就。与此同时,就每个阶段人才需求、培养方式、教学内容、组织形式等的变化动因进行了具体分析。最后对进入发展期的中国珠宝教育所面临的五个方面的挑战做出了具体的阐述。     

Computer Science and Programming Courses in Geography Departments in the United States

Geographic information systems (GIS) are fundamental information technologies. The capabilities and applications of GIS continue to rapidly expand, requiring practitioners to have new skills and competencies, especially in computer science. There is little research, however, about how best to prepare the next generation of GIScientists with adequate computer science skills. This article explores how U.S. geography departments are introducing and developing computer science and programming skills in their geography and GIS degree programs. We review the degree requirements in fifty-five geography departments and discover that forty-four of them offer some kind of GIS programming course. Of the 210 separate degree options identified, however, only 22 require one of these courses for a degree. There is little consistency or emphasis on computer science and programming skills in geography or GIS degrees, despite the immense importance of these components in geography and GIS careers. We propose future research along distinct investigative tracks to build a research-based understanding of the educational interactions among GIS, computer science, programming, and geography.     

汶川地震北川县城地质灾害调查与初步分析

汶川8.0级地震造成了北川县巨大的破坏,导致上万人死亡,整个北川县城变为废墟。现场地震科考分析显示,造成北川县城区建筑物和道路严重损毁,以及人员重大伤亡的三个主要原因为：①强地震产生的振动破坏效应;②活断层错动产生的地表破裂效应;③地震引发的次生地质灾害（崩塌、滑坡和泥石流）。地震次生地质灾害造成了北川县城区上千人死亡、大量房屋被埋、多处路段被毁。在分析地震地质构造背景基础上,对地震引发的北川县城崩塌、滑坡和泥石流次生地质进行了现场调查,查明了地质灾害分布和发育特征,初步分析了王家岩滑坡和景家山崩塌的地震地质灾害破坏机理。     

四川省内江市东兴区地质灾害的特征、成因及防治对策

东兴区地质灾害发育广泛,以崩塌(危岩)、滑坡和不稳定斜坡(高陡边坡)为主.其宏观发育特征有明显的分区性和季节性;灾害规模不大,但是影响人群较多,危害较大.崩塌(危岩)分布最为广泛,其主要受控因素是为水平状砂泥岩互层的差异性风化;滑坡和不稳定斜坡(高陡边坡)分布较少,降雨入渗和人工开挖坡脚是造成灾害的直接原因.在查明地质灾害成因机制和影响因素后,对不同类型地质灾害采取人工清除、填沟摸缝、砌支撑柱(墙)、避让搬迁等有针对性的措施,以达到切实可行而且经济的目的.     

An approach to mass movements in the Jiuzhaigou catchment

This paper presents a preliminary study of the main types, features, genesis, and countermeasures of mass movements in the Jiuzhaigou catchment, which is one of the most scenic regions in China. The main features are debris flows, rock-segment flows, landslides, and avalanches. Rough relief, fractured rocks, drifts, steep slopes, intensive rainstorms, and earthquakes produced their geneses. Countermeasures should include the integration of engineering and biological projects.     

A depth average SPH model including μ(I) rheology and crushing for rock avalanches

Classical depth-integrated smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) models for avalanches are extended in the present work to include a μ(I)− rheological model enriched with a fragmentation law. With this improvement, the basal friction becomes grain distribution dependent. Rock avalanches, where grain distribution tends to change with time while propagating, are the appropriate type of landslide to apply the new numerical proposal. The μ(I)− rheological models considered in the present work are those of Hatano and Gray, combined with two different fragmentation laws, a hyperbolic and a fractal-based law. As an application, Frank avalanche, which took place in Canada in 1903, is analyzed under the scope of the present approach, focusing in the influence of the rheological and fragmentation laws in the evolution of the avalanche.     

基于Web的金刚石钻头模具钢体设计

介绍了应用网页技术进行金刚石钻头模具钢体设计计算的方法。该方法丰富了模具钢体设计的远程教育,免去了传统人工求解的繁杂过程,界面友好,精度高,结果可靠,具有实际使用价值。      

Avalanche Risk During Backcountry Skiing – An Analysis of Risk Factors

Skier-triggered avalanches are the main cause of avalanche accidents in backcountry skiing. The risk of accidents during backcountry skiing was analysed statistically and related to factors such as elevation level, aspect, stability rating and the time of the year. The analysis is based on a database about terrain usage and avalanche accidents from a large heli-skiing operator in Canada, which makes it possible to study the conditional probability of accidents given the recorded pattern of terrain usage. This study shows that the historical risk of accidentally triggering an avalanche greater than size 1 depends highly on the stability rating, with the highest risk occurring during “poor” stability. The risk is greater at high elevations, and it is lower during the late season than earlier on. Skier risk does not depend as much on aspect as may be indicated from avalanche data alone. However, it is relatively high in the N–NE–E sector. These factors are not independent of each other and therefore analyses of combined factors were also performed. Questionnaires and interviews were used to gain knowledge about the terrain selection of professional mountain guides. These results indicate that when selecting terrain, guides first look at the overall shape and size of the terrain, but avalanche history of terrain and inclination are also important factors. Finally, remarks in avalanche reports were analysed, and common human factors identified.     

浅谈自然科学博物馆的科普教育功能和发展对策

阐述了自然科学博物馆的现状、存在的问题、面临的困境及应有的功能，并以湖南省地质博物馆为例，剖析了博物馆生存危机的深层次原因。自然科学博物馆的发展，一方面应立足于自然科学博物馆的科普教育功能，充分发掘其科学文化内涵，另一方面应通过引进联展、提高人员素质、改变管理模式等方式来促进博物馆的可持续发展。