Joint three-dimensional inversion of coupled groundwater flow and heat transfer based on automatic differentiation: sensitivity calculation, verification, and synthetic examples

Inverse methods are useful tools not only for deriving estimates of unknown parameters of the subsurface, but also for appraisal of the thus obtained models. While not being neither the most general nor the most efficient methods, Bayesian inversion based on the calculation of the Jacobian of a given forward model can be used to evaluate many quantities useful in this process. The calculation of the Jacobian, however, is computationally expensive and, if done by divided differences, prone to truncation error. Here, automatic differentiation can be used to produce derivative code by source transformation of an existing forward model. We describe this process for a coupled fluid flow and heat transport finite difference code, which is used in a Bayesian inverse scheme to estimate thermal and hydraulic properties and boundary conditions form measured hydraulic potentials and temperatures. The resulting derivative code was validated by comparison to simple analytical solutions and divided differences. Synthetic examples from different flow regimes demonstrate the use of the inverse scheme, and its behaviour in different configurations.     

网络环境下地图自动综合框架模型研究

计算机技术的普及、网络通信技术的迅速发展,不但使地图学发生了深刻的变革,也给制图综合带来了新的机遇和挑战。在分析了网络环境下地图自动综合的现有研究方法及其优缺点的基础上,针对互联网这一特定的信息交换平台,提出了网络环境下地图自动综合的总体设计框架,建立了以实例数据库为核心的用户需求提取模型。同时也讨论了面向无级比例尺的矢量数据的信息压缩。     

地震仪自动换档设计

鉴于测震中电子放大地震仪放大器的输出动态范围窄的缺陷，笔者作了自动换档衰减放大倍数的电路技术设计。本设计在长周期、短周期、宽频带等各种电子放大地震仪上适当改制或重新设计放大板即可应用，从而可几十倍甚至更大地拓宽电子放大地震仪的输出动态范围，大幅度增强其适用性。     

A neural-tree-based system for automatic location of earthquakes in Northeastern Italy

A neural network system for P and S-picking and location of earthquakes in Northeastern Italy is described. It is applied to 7108 seismograms corresponding to 1147 earthquakes occurring in Northeastern Italy and surrounding area in the period 2000–2003. Its results are compared with two sets of manual picks and with the picks performed by the existing seismic alert system. The new system recognizes 89% and 67% of P and S arrival times, respectively, which allows locating 92% of the earthquakes. P and S-picks differ from the best available manual picks by 0.00 ± 0.07 s and 0.00 ± 0.18 s, respectively. The corresponding earthquake locations differ by −0.18± 0.77 km in longitude, 0.10± 0.62 km in latitude and 0.1± 2.0 km in depth. These results suggest its use for alert purposes and rapid production of preliminary bulletins.Considering a subset of picks that are common to all the available data sets, the absolute accuracy (i.e., the inverse of the standard deviation of differences between the estimated and the true, unknown arrival times) of each picking method is estimated. The best available manual data set has standard deviation 0.03 s for P waves and 0.07 s for S waves, while for the new system it is 0.06 s and 0.18 s for P and S waves, respectively.This paper has not been submitted elsewhere in identical or similar form, nor will it be during the first three months after its submission to Journal of Seismology.     

Determination of nitrate in seawater: Nitrate to nitrite reduction with copper-cadmium alloy

Determination of nitrate in seawater first requires its reduction to nitrite. Construction of a reductor column for use during continuous flow analysis at sea is described. Novel use is made of an alloy of cadmium and copper ($\text{50}\text{50}\text{w}\text{w}$) crushed to between 500 and 350 μm. Its performance is similar to that of the cadmium wire type of reductor but offers advantages of easier preparation and control of reductor volume.     

Application of the representer method for parameter estimation in numerical reservoir models

A data assimilation method was applied to estimate poorly known parameters (permeabilities) in a numerical reservoir model. Most variational methods for data assimilation are based on the assumption that the model is perfect except for the poorly known parameters. The representer method allows also for model errors, i.e. for uncertainties in the state variables (pressures and saturations). The method is based on minimizing a cost functional, assuming all the errors and parameters to be multivariate Gaussian random variables with given mean and covariances. The uncertain parameters and variables are expanded into a finite sum of basis functions called representers, and the gradients of the cost functional are obtained with an adjoint method. This approach gives an optimal parametrization in the sense that the final result is equal to the solution of the full inverse problem. The method was tested on a simple one-dimensional model to simulate two-phase (oil-water) flow through a heterogeneous reservoir. The results show that the method is able to provide an acceptable estimate of the permeability field. We used pressure measurements from a small number of observation wells in between the injection and production wells, but the representer method could be used equally well to assimilate data from other sources. The method appears to be a promising data assimilation tool for applications in reservoir engineering.     

小比例尺地图面状水系名称注记自动配置研究

在丰富面状水系的注记配置规则基础上,深入研究了其名称注记自动配置中两个关键算法,即要素主骨架线求取和注记配置方案的设计,并提出了基于单调链化简思想确定面状水系主骨架线的改进算法,在此基础上设计了面状水系名称注记自动配置方案。     

自动站分钟数据跳变对日极值影响的处理方法

自动站分钟数据常出现跳变现象,对跳变数据,首先应分析是否为野值。其次再判断野值是否影响日极值。然后分析日极值是否出现在该时次内,若不出现在该时次,极值从其他正常时次中挑取;若出现在该时次,应从自动站实有记录和人工观测或自记纸中挑取,若用人工记录代替,极值出现时间为缺测。     

基坑施工对临近运营地铁隧道影响监测的实践

由于受基坑开挖所产生的卸载和基坑降水的影响,临近地铁隧道的受力条件将改变,造成地铁隧道的变形和位移。采用自动化技术实时监测地铁隧道的变形,对保证地铁运营安全至关重要。文中结合广州大马站商业中心项目基坑开挖对临近运营地铁1号线隧道结构变形位移自动监测工程项目的实践,对自动全站仪监测系统在地铁隧道监测方面的系统构建、测量方法、测量精度、监测效果等方面进行论述。实际应用表明,该系统以高精度、自动化的优势,及时提供可靠的动态监测数据,科学指导基坑施工,保证了地铁运营安全,取得良好的效果。