宁夏春季沙尘暴频次异常与北太平洋海温异常的关系研究

利用宁夏沙尘暴频次资料、500 hPa环流特征量资料、NCEP再分析资料、北太平洋海温场格点资料,采用相关分析、合成分析、小波变换、SVD分析,对宁夏沙尘暴频次与北太平洋海温场的关系进行了研究,探讨了北太平洋海温场通过影响大气环流异常再影响沙尘暴异常的途径。结果表明：宁夏春季沙尘暴频次与前一年10月到当年5月加利福尼亚海温有显著的负相关关系,关键区海温冷、暖异常与宁夏春季沙尘暴日数多、少有较好的时频对应关系;另外发生在北太平洋的厄尔尼诺事件对宁夏春季沙尘暴有重要影响,当北太平洋海温场呈厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）型分布时,宁夏各地沙尘暴日数以偏少（多）为主。加利福尼亚海温通过影响大气环流,进而影响宁夏沙尘暴的发生,冷水年春季（3—5月）,欧亚大陆高空系统较强,环流经向度加大,蒙古气旋加深,有利于极地冷空气南下;从风场形势看,冷水年河套至甘肃、内蒙西部及蒙古国中西部一带高层盛行西北风,而低层多为东南风,这种不稳定形势,也为西北沙尘暴的发生发展创造了有利气候条件。另外,冷水年冬春季东亚大槽位置以偏西为主,极涡强度偏强的年份占优势,西风环流指数负距平的年份偏多,经向环流偏强,冷锋活动频繁,大部分冬季平均气温偏低,表明冬季风偏强的年份为主;而暖水年基本相反。     

Marine organic geochemistry of the Eastern Mediterranean: 1. Aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in Cretan Sea surficial sediments

As part of a lipid biogeochemical study, aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were determined in surficial sediments from the Cretan Sea (South Aegean Sea) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Total concentrations of both aliphatic (AHC) and polyaromatic (PAH) hydrocarbons were low (562–5697 and 14.6–158.5 ng/g, respectively) with respect to other coastal sediments worldwide and compare with concentrations found in open sea areas. The composition of AHC was dominated by unresolved complex mixture (UCM) indicating the presence of petroleum-related hydrocarbon inputs as confirmed by the detection of specific α,β-hopanes. PAH consisted mainly of pyrolytic four- to five-ring compounds. UCM and PAH amounts revealed that Cretan Sea receives low supply of anthropogenic material compared to NW Mediterranean. The spatial distributions of AHC and PAH indicated that urban run-off and transport from the continental self are the major input pathway of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons from terrestrial sources in the near shore area, whereas atmospheric transport might be the significant source of hydrocarbons in the deep area.     

Atmospheric transmission at submillimetre wavelengths from Mauna Kea

The submillimetre atmospheric transmission spectrum above Mauna Kea has been measured at a resolution of 0.005 cm⁻¹ (150 MHz) with a Fourier transform spectrometer at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, using the Sun as a source. Column abundances of O₂, H₂O and O₃ determined from these spectra are found to be in excellent agreement with independent measurements. The derived column abundances have been used as inputs to the atmospheric spectral modelling program fascod . The synthetic transmission spectrum is found to be in excellent agreement with the measured spectrum, and provides a template for submillimetre observations from the JCMT.     

兰州市沙尘和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度特征比较

选择兰州市典型沙尘天气和非沙尘天气收集两类降尘,并对其进行粒度测定。结果表明：两种类型降尘粒度特征差别明显。总体上看沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘都以粉砂为主,但沙尘天气降尘粒度比非沙尘天气降尘偏粗,分选更差。非沙尘天气降尘粒度频率曲线呈双峰态分布。而沙尘天气降尘则呈单峰正偏态分布特征,说明沙尘天气沉降物来源比较单一。沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度分布曲线与兰州黄土的十分相似,说明现代降尘是地质时代风尘活动的继续,现代风积作用仍在进行。而它们粒度参数之间的差异可能与降尘堆积物的粘土化过程有关。     

广州市大气污染分布规律

本文根据广州市 1981～ 1997年的环境监测资料和相近年份的气候统计资料 ,对广州市大气污染的分布规律及其成因进行了研究。结果表明 :①广州大气污染物的浓度具有明显的时空分布规律 ,时间上表现为年内冬强夏弱 ,年际之间自 80年代末以来光化学污染逐年增强 ;空间上 ,空气污染物的负荷率依功能区和行政区而异 ,显示市区由东向西 ,由北向南污染趋强的分布特征。②酸雨率高并以春季最严重。③广州大气污染的时空分布规律与广州的气象特征及污染源的分布和排放强度密切相关。文章认为 :改善广州大气环境的质量 ,应该采取合理的城市规划措施 ,并提出了具体的对策。     

中天山山区大气总水汽量和云液水量的遥感研究

使用QFW-1型双通道微波辐射计,于2002年盛夏(7月10日至8月5日)在天山山区乌鲁木齐河流域上风方的小渠子进行了大气积分水汽和云中积分液水量的遥感观测。观测表明;中天山山区盛夏的晴天平均大气水汽含量与目前公认的亚洲大气中的水汽含量相近;晴天的平均大气水汽量具有明显的日变化。对降水云系的液态水含量及其变化遥感监测表明:云系降水具有先兆性;不同类型降水性云的降水临界值不同;云液水由0.5 mm开始上升到降水临界值的降水酝酿期的时间,可以作为天山山区人工增雨实施播云作业的重要参照指标。     

中国登陆台风的统计预报

According to the measured data of typhoons going over the Chinese coasts in 1949-2002,a statistic relative equation showing the relation between the central atmospheric pressure of typhoons in a certain region at a certain period of time and their accumulation of frequency is established, and the concept of recurrence interval of typhoons is put forward, which is of actual significance for typhoon disaster reduction along the coastal area.     

冬季东亚-西太平洋西风急流基本结构及其异常的诊断分析

利用ECMWF再分析资料ERA40中的逐月风场和温度场资料,对冬季位于东亚-西太平洋上空的西风急流(WJS)基本结构和异常特征进行了分析.结果表明,一年当中最为强盛的冬季200 hPa WJS主体稳定地分布于东亚至西太平洋上空,向上向下均迅速减小.在对流层中高层,从东亚沿海到太平洋上空的西风系统较为深厚,低层对应着显著的大气斜压区.通过对东亚-西太平洋地区冬季200 hPa纬向风异常的EOF分解得到三种异常空间分布型,第一模态的中纬度西风异常主要发生于日界线以东的中东太平洋上空,第二、三模态则分别对应WJS主体发生增强/减弱和位置的北/南移动.WJS的这三种空间异常形态与中纬度低层大气斜压性的三种异常分布型相对应.通过对冬季WJS长期趋势的初步分析发现,近二十年来,洋面上空西风急流有增强趋势,这是由于急流轴南侧洋面上空大气存在显著增暖趋势、而急流轴北侧洋面上空却有变冷的趋势所造成的.     

黄河、长江源区降水变化的水汽输送和环流特征

利用黄河、长江源区气象站的降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析气候资料,分析了黄河、长江源区降水的年际变化,对黄河、长江源区典型多雨年与少雨年的500 hPa位势高度和风场、600 hPa流场、大气水汽含量和水汽输送进行了合成和对比分析.结果表明:黄河和长江源区的降水在近50 a的长期变化趋势都不明显,但在最近10 a黄河源区的降水有明显的减少趋势.而长江源区的降水则有明显的增加趋势;江河源区在多雨与少雨年有明显的环流差异特征,在多/少雨年,500 hPa蒙古低压减弱/加强,西风风速减弱/增强,600 hPa高原辐合线偏北/南,江河源区大气水汽含量增加/减少,西南季风的偏南水汽输送增加/减少.使得江河源区有较多/少的水汽来源,从而降水增多/减少;黄河和长江源区有相似的多雨与少雨年环流差异特征,只是差异程度不同,长江源区多雨与少雨年环流特征差异的强度不及黄河源区.     

Spatial and temporal variations of stable isotopes in precipitation in midlatitude coastal regions

Spatial and temporal variations of the isotopic composition of precipitation were investigated to better understand their controlling factors. Precipitation was collected from six locations in Hokkaido, Japan, and event‐based analyses were conducted for a period from March 2010 to February 2013. Relatively low δ values and a high d‐excess for annual averages were observed at three sites located along the Japan Sea compared to the three sites at Pacific Ocean side. Lower δ values in spring and fall and higher d‐excess in winter were observed for the region along the Japan Sea. In total, 264 precipitation events were identified. Precipitation originated predominantly from low‐pressure system (LPS) events, which were classified as northwest (LPS‐NW) and southeast (LPS‐SE) events according to the routes of the low‐pressure center, that passed northwest and southeast of Hokkaido, respectively. LPS‐SE events showed lower δ¹⁸O than LPS‐NW events, which is attributable to the lower δ¹⁸O of water vapor resulting from heavy rainfalls in the upstream region of the LPS air mass trajectories over the Pacific Ocean. This phenomenon observed in Hokkaido can be found in other midlatitude coastal regions and applied for hydrological, atmospheric, and paleoclimate studies. A characteristic spatial pattern was found in LPS‐NW events, in which lower δ¹⁸O was observed on the Japan Sea side than on the Pacific Ocean side in each season. This is likely due to the location of the sampling sites and their distance from the LPS: Precipitation with lower δ¹⁸O in the region along the Japan Sea occurs in a well‐developed cloud system near the low‐pressure center in cold and warm sectors of LPS, whereas precipitation with higher δ¹⁸O on the Pacific side mainly occurs in a warm sector away from the low‐pressure center. Air mass from the north does not always cause low δ in precipitation, and the precipitation process in the upstream region is another important factor controlling the isotopic composition of precipitation, other than the local temperature and precipitation amount.