Shortwave cloud radiative forcing on major stratus cloud regions in AMIP-type simulations of CMIP3 and CMIP5 models

Cloud and its radiative effects are major sources of uncertainty that lead to simulation discrepancies in climate models. In this study, shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF) over major stratus regions is evaluated for Atmospheric Models Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type simulations of models involved in the third and fifth phases of the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5). Over stratus regions, large deviations in both climatological mean and seasonal cycle of SWCF are found among the models. An ambient field sorted by dynamic (vertical motion) and thermodynamic (inversion strength or stability) regimes is constructed and used to measure the response of SWCF to large-scale controls. In marine boundary layer regions, despite both CMIP3 and CMIP5 models being able to capture well the center and range of occurrence frequency for the ambient field, most of the models fail to simulate the dependence of SWCF on boundary layer inversion and the insensitivity of SWCF to vertical motion. For eastern China, there are large differences even in the simulated ambient fields. Moreover, almost no model can reproduce intense SWCF in rising motion and high stability regimes. It is also found that models with a finer grid resolution have no evident superiority than their lower resolution versions. The uncertainties relating to SWCF in state-of-the-art models may limit their performance in IPCC experiments.     

地核能量的积累与释放

地核不仅具有巨量热能，而且有巨量旋转能，这是地球能量释放的内因；天文因素使地核产生周期性的南北振荡，是地球能量间歇性释放的外因。地质旋回与天文周期直接相关，可以根据天文周期预测未来的地质变化     

激光时间传递技术的进展

激光时间传递技术是通过激光脉冲在空间的传播来实现地面与卫星时钟或地球上远距离两地时钟的同步，它具有很高的准确度和稳定度。一些国家已经成功进行了激光时间传递的试验，结果证明利用激光进行时钟之间的同步是有效可行的。介绍国内外已有的激光时间传递试验的情况和结果，重点介绍美国地面与机载原子钟之间的激光时间比对，以及法国的LASSO(LAser Synchronization from Stationary Orbit)和T2L2(Time Transfer by Laser Link)计划。     

如何写好天文学论文

对如何撰写将要在国际上发表的天文学论文给出一些建议。讲述了论文的每一部分（题目、摘要、引言、主要内容、图表及参考文献等）如何可以写得简洁而又能清晰地表达出观点。这是作者根据在多年的编辑生涯中审阅了许多效果迥异的论文后的经验之谈。     

Comprehensive studies of solar activity on the CORONAS-F satellite

The first results of comprehensive CORONAS-F observations of solar activity are presented. The CORONAS-F instrumentation and principal scientific objectives are briefly described and examples of the first results of data reduction are given.     

地球轨道根数变化与第四纪冰期

介绍了米兰柯维奇（Milankovitch)天文气候学理论和第四纪地质时期以来冰期的研究进展。研究结果表明，地球上的冰体积具有近10万yr的变化周期，并伴有近4万yr和2万yr的变化周期，它们是由于地球的轨道根数变化导致的气候变迁所致；不同的地球物理资料中均存在上述类似的变化周期，表明气候变迁所导致的变化是全球性效应，证实米兰柯维奇天文理论是基本正确的；对天文气候学理论作了简要介绍，指出了米兰柯维奇天文气候学理论的可能不足，对引起最近百万yr以来的近10万yr气候变化周期的可能天文机制也作了介绍。     

ANALYSES OF THE DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON WINTER CIRCULATION OF THE TWO MAIN MOUNTAINS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE——Ⅱ.VERTICAL PROPAGATION OF PLANETARY WAVES

A linear,hemispheric and stationary spectral model with multilayers in the vertical was employed to simulate thevertical propagation of waves triggered by mountains.Results show that,in cooperation with the East Asia zonal meanflow,Tibetan Plateau can excite a strong wavenumber 1 perturbation in the stratosphere with its ridge and trough lo-cated over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans respectively.On the other hand,the stratospheric wavenumber 1 perturbationcaused by the mechanical forcing of the Rocky Mountains in cooperation with the North America zonal mean flow isvery weak.Calculations from observational data of the vertical profile of critical wavenumber for vertically propagatingwaves imply that the tropospheric wavenumber 1 perturbation can hardly penetrate the North America tropopause up-wards,whereas it can freely propagate through the East Asia tropopause into the stratosphere.Two-dimensional E-Pcross-sections obtained from both observational data and simulated results also demonstrate that waves excited by theRocky Mountains are refracted towards low latitudes in the troposphere during their upward propagation:whereas,inaddition to the above mentioned equatorward leaning branch,the wavenumber 1 and 2 planetary waves excited by theTibetan Plateau possess another branch which is refracted to high latitudes during upward propagation and penetratesthe tropopause into the stratosphere.It is therefore concluded that the difference in the horizontal and vertical wavepropagations in the two hemispheres is a result of the different dynamical forcing induced by the two main mountains inthe Northern Hemisphere.     

Climatological distribution of lightning density observed by satellites in China and its circumjacent regions

The 0.5°×0.5°grid resolution distribution of lightning density in China and its circumjacent regions have been analyzed by using the satellite-borne OTD (Apr 1995-Mar 2000) and LIS (Dec 1997-Mar 2003) databases. It is shown that: (i) Firstly, the variability of the lightning density (LD) is particularly pronounced over the different subareas, 9 times greater over the south than the north side of Himalayas Mountains, 2.5 times greater over the eastern than the western area of China. While the maximum and minimum LD are respectively 31.4fl/km2/a (in Guangzhou region) and less than 0.2fl/km2/a (in the desert of western China). Secondly, the LD of China's continent regularly varies with latitude and distance off coast, which is consistent with annual mean precipitation in varying trend. In conclusion, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the China's three-step staircase topography and the latitude are three important factors affecting macro-scale characteristics of the LD distribution, (ii) The regional differences