青藏高原东北缘红墙玄武岩的年代学、地球化学特征及成因初探

西秦岭地处青藏高原东北缘,是古亚洲构造域、特提斯构造域和滨太平洋构造域的交接转换带,也是分野中国大陆东、西部地理与地质构造的关键部位。该区广泛分布了大量中生代火山岩。由于该区基础地质研究程度很低,特别是缺少可靠的年代学和地球化学资料,对该区中生代火山岩的成因及地球动力学背景一直存在争议,影响了人们对西秦岭大地构造属性及发展演化历史的全面认识。文中提供了甘肃西秦岭夏河县麻当乡红墙村中生代玄武岩的岩相学、地球化学和同位素年代学研究资料和数据,对火山岩的成因与动力学条件进行了初步讨论。红墙玄武岩中分离出的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,该玄武岩形成于(104.8±0.99)Ma(MSWD=0.63),与野外观察结果一致,证明红墙玄武岩是早白垩世火山作用产物。岩相学和地球化学的观察和研究显示,该套岩石以出现斜长石斑晶、基质中出现大量斜长石微晶或微斑晶为特征,岩石具有较高的SiO2、Al2O3、Na2O和较低的CaO,属于钠质碱性玄武岩,而不同于该研究区东部礼县—宕昌一带新生代超钾质火山岩。红墙玄武岩在地球化学方面具有富集轻稀土和部分高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等),亏损大离子亲石元素(Rb、K等),正的εNd(t)=5.9～7.5和低的87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.703 3～0.705 6以及206Pb/204Pb(t)=17.707～18.319、207Pb/204Pb(t)=15.398～15.626和208Pb/204Pb(t)=37.266～38.454等特征。所有这些特征一致表明,红墙早白垩世玄武岩具有与大陆OIB相似的地球化学特征,其源区可能具有DMM和PREMA端员混合的特点,推测其主要来自亏损的软流圈地幔。结合对火山岩产出大地构造背景的综合分析及与礼县—宕昌新生代超钾质火山岩的对比,提出红墙早白垩世钠质碱性玄武岩是大陆裂谷岩浆作用的产物,其成因和动力学背景与自中生代以来南北构造带的裂谷性质及其发展演化有关。西秦岭东、西两段新生代与早白垩世火山岩在岩相学、全岩化学以及岩石系列和类型方面的差异,可能与不同时期软流圈地幔源区的演化、岩浆起源深度和部分熔融程度等有关。     

Mantle flow patterns and magma chambers at ocean ridges: Evidence from the Oman ophiolite

As a result of an extensive program of structural mapping in the ultramafic section of the Oman ophiolite, maps of mantle flow below the spreading center of origin have been drawn. They reveal a mantle diapiric system in which the uppermost mantle flow diverges from diapirs 10–15 km across, which could have been spaced by an average distance of 50 km. Some diapirs could have been located off-axis. The rotation of flow lines in the diapirs occurs within the few hundred meters of the transition zone separating the mantle and crustal formations. The importance of this zone is stressed. The structure of the layered gabbros of the crustal unit in most places reflects a large magmatic flow induced by the solid state flow in the underlying peridotites. The magmatic foliation of the gabbros steepens upsection and becomes parallel to the sheeted dike attitude. A new model of a tent-shaped magma chamber is derived from these structural data.     

Geochemistry of the Cenozoic Potassic Volcanic Rocks in the West Kunlun Mountains and Constraints on Their Sources

The geochemical characteristics of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks from the north Pulu, east Pulu and Dahongliutan regions in the west Kunlun Mountains are somewhat similar as a whole. However, the volcanic rocks from the Dahongliutan region in the south belt are geochemically distinguished from those in the Pulu region (including the north and east Pulu) of the north belt. The volcanic rocks of the Dahongliutan region are characterized by relatively low TiO2 abundance, but more enrichment in alkali, much more enrichment in light rare earth elements and large ion lithosphile elements than those from the Pulu region. Compared with the Pulu region, volcanic rocks from the Dahongliutan region have relatively low 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and high εNd, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb. Their trace elements and isotopic data suggest that they were derived from lithospheric mantle, consisting of biotite- and hornblende-bearing garnet lherzolite, which had undertaken metasomatism and enrichment. On the primitive mantle-normali     

华北东部中生代晚期-新生代软流圈上涌与岩石圈减薄

现今的地幔是由软流圈地幔(热的,主元素饱满、微量元素亏损的,塑性流变性质的)、古老岩石圈地幔(地幔1,冷的,主元素贫瘠、微量元素富集的,刚性的,以方辉橄榄岩为代表)以及现今的岩石圈地幔(地幔2,主元素饱满、微量元素亏损,以二辉橄榄岩为代表,可能包括多时期形成的)组成。古老岩石圈地幔与地幔2样品的共存、100~4·3Ma在地幔内部持续发生的古老岩石圈与软流圈的相互作用以及上述作用的时空不均一性,都表明了岩石圈减薄是软流圈呈“蘑菇云状”大规模上涌的结果。上述事件发生于100Ma以后。软流圈来源的玄武岩大范围喷发并伴随了岩石圈的强烈拉伸是事件发生的主要标志,岩石圈减薄是一个深部地质过程,不像是突发事件。     

On the heat flux related to stretching in the NW-Mediterranean continental margins

Summary The surface thermal flux of the continental margins of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea is interpreted on the basis of a 1-D instantaneous pure shear stretching model of the lithosphere in terms of three components: the background heat flowing out from the asthenosphere (38 mW m^–2), the transient contribution depending on the rift age and extension amount (35 mW m^–2 at the most), and the contribution due to the radiogenic elements of the lithosphere. The radiogenic component is estimated at the continental margins of the Ligurian-Provençal basin and Valencia trough, and in the surrounding mainland areas by means of available data of surface heat generation from Variscan Corsica, Maures-Estérel and the Central Massif along with a geophysical-petrological relationship between heat production and seismic velocity. The lithosphere radiogenic heat contribution q_l decreases with the thinning factor according to the exponential law: q_l() = a exp(-b), in which factor b is greater for that part of the lithosphere below the uppermost 10 km. Considering also the heat generated by radioactive isotopes in sediments, the stable Variscan lithosphere produces an average thermal flux of 30 mW m^–2 which decreases by about one half where the lithosphere is thinned by one third. Although the surface heat generation is 2·1 – 3·3 µW m^–3 in the Maures-Estérel massif — excepting small outcrops of dioritic rocks with lower heat production — and 1·8 µW m^–3 for most of Corsica, the radiogenic heating within the lithosphere for such areas is nearly the same and does not explain the higher heat flux of the Corsica margin. This asymmetric thermal pattern with surface heat flux which is 10 – 15 mW m^–2 higher than predictions is probably of upper mantle origin, or can be ascribed to penetrative magmatism.     

Mud Volcanoes and Dome-Like Structures at the Eastern Mediterranean Ridge

Marine Geophysical Research - The Mediterranean Ridge is interpreted as a large accretionary complex, which originated due to the northern subduction of the African lithosphere below the Eurasian...     

Upper mantle anisotropy and crust-mantle deformation pattern beneath the Chinese mainland

Over the past 10 years,the number of broadband seismic stations in China has increased significantly.The broadband seismic records contain information about shear-wave splitting which plays an important role in revealing the upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland.Based on teleseismic SKS and SKKS phases recorded in the seismic stations,we used the analytical method of minimum transverse energy to determine the fast wave polarization direction and delay time of shear-wave splitting.We also collected results of shear-wave splitting in China and the surrounding regions from previously published papers.From the combined dataset we formed a shear-wave splitting dataset containing 1020 parameter pairs.These splitting parameters reveal the complexity of the upper mantle anisotropy image.Our statistical analysis indicates stronger upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland,with an average shear-wave time delay of 0.95 s;the anisotropy in the western region is slightly larger(1.01 s)than in the eastern region(0.92 s).On a larger scale,the SKS splitting and surface deformation data in the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan region jointly support the lithospheric deformation mode,i.e.the crust-lithospheric mantle coherent deformation.In eastern China,the average fast-wave direction is approximately parallel to the direction of the absolute plate motion;thus,the upper mantle anisotropy can be attributed to the asthenospheric flow.The area from the Ordos block to the Sichuan Basin in central China is the transition zone of deformation modes between the east and the west regions,where the anisotropy images are more complicated,exhibiting"fossil"anisotropy and/or two-layer anisotropy.The collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate is the main factor of upper mantle anisotropy in the western region of the Chinese mainland,while the upper mantle anisotropy in the eastern region is related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.     

华北地区新生代岩石圈伸展减薄的机制与过程

华北地区可划分出2个岩石圈尺度的构造单元:西面的鄂尔多斯克拉通块体和东部的华北裂谷盆地。华北裂谷由主体的似环状盆地和周边山岭组成,还有大的似环状盆地中央的苏鲁淮山岭。华北裂谷盆地,在古近纪(E)和新近纪(N)—第四纪(Q)时期分别通过主要的纯剪切(pureshearing)和分布剪切(distributedshesring)(均含简单剪切组分)变形机制形成,它们导源于软流圈上涌诱发的巨大岩石圈减薄作用。然而,鄂尔多斯块体周边的断陷盆地带则是通过简单剪切(simpleshearing)变形机制形成,它们导源于鄂尔多斯克拉通块体的隆升和作用于鄂尔多斯南缘的六盘山与来自青藏高原碰撞带的北东向挤压力的联合作用。新生代时期,在快速的岩石圈大幅度减薄的时期内,华北地区东部向东伸展的速率比西部的鄂尔多斯块体大得多,它暗示软流圈物质向东的流动可能主动地拖拉着上覆岩石圈向东移动。可能有3条这样的通道,允许青藏碰撞带下面的软流圈物质向东流动,它们是:(a)高原南部过松潘—甘孜、三江达南海;(b)高原北部经六盘山、鄂尔多斯周边和华北—东北平原达日本海;(c)帕米尔经天山、蒙古西部、贝加尔达鄂霍次克海。     

莺歌海盆地天然气底辟优势聚集规律及勘探意义

莺歌海盆地的高温高压环境、构造断裂不发育、泥-流体底辟发育及热流体活动强烈等独特的地质条件,决定了伸展-转换盆地的油气聚集规律与断陷盆地复式油气聚集具有明显的差异性。在分析天然气成藏主控因素的基础上,以天然气藏形成到天然气分布为主线,提出莺歌海盆地的天然气底辟优势聚集规律:即宏观上天然气聚集在盆地内成藏条件配置好的中央凹陷带底辟区,微观上天然气则聚集在底辟成藏条件配置好的顶部、两侧及周缘的构造和岩性圈闭中。天然气底辟优势聚集规律突破了以往紧邻凹陷带的斜坡带是油气聚集最有利区带的传统观点,使人们认识到只有符合优势聚集规律的构造带和圈闭才可能聚集天然气,这对于调整伸展-转换型盆地的油气勘探思路,针对性地解决莺歌海盆地勘探中存在的问题,进一步指明有利勘探方向具有重要的指导作用。