应用化学动力学法评价塔中地区志留系沥青生气潜力

我国西北部叠合盆地普遍存在沥青,而目前尚无沥青生气定量评价方法。针对这一问题,从沥青生气机理出发,将成功应用于有机质成油、成气及油成气生成量评价的化学动力学方法应用到沥青成气的评价中。建立了沥青成气及氯仿沥青"A"族组成成气动力学模型,并以塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系沥青砂为靶区,根据标定的动力学参数和靶区地热史进行地质应用。结果表明,研究区非烃成气进程相对较早,在埋深3 500 m左右转化率明显升高,其次为沥青质成气,饱和烃成气进程最晚,大约在埋深4 200 m处成气转化率显著升高。应用建立的模型计算研究区沥青砂生气结果显示,饱和烃成气、芳香烃成气、非烃成气和沥青质成气总量分别为8 160.68×108m3、6 573.21×108m3、9 719.3×108m3和5 926.82×108m3,累计生气总量达30 377.97×108m3。     

公路路面光谱特征分析与沥青路面老化遥感监测方法初探

随着道路交通的快速发展,道路养护工作正变得日益繁重,如何快速获取道路路面健康状况信息,为公路养护部门提供技术支撑,已成为交通部门的迫切需求。本文通过地面光谱测量手段获取了公路路面的光谱反射数据,基于对不同谱段光谱反射吸收特征的分析,探索了沥青路面老化过程中的光谱响应变化规律。在此基础上,通过比值、归一化等数学运算构建了能反映沥青路面健康状况的光谱指数模型,并基于北京南六环良乡地区2013年9月21日的Worldview-2高分辨率遥感数据,对所构建的沥青路面健康光谱指数模型进行了有效性验证与分析。通过比较不同指数反映沥青路面老化状况的差异,筛选出几个适合沥青道路健康状况检测的光谱指数,并以地面观测数据对检测结果的精度进行了验证。结果表明：利用遥感手段可快速实现大范围道路路面健康状况的监测与评价,拓展了遥感技术的应用领域,同时为公路养护部门提供了新的技术手段。     

应用荧光显微技术判别吐哈盆地储层含油水性

通过在荧光镜下的油水特征实验，分别得出油、油包水、水包油、含油水、水的荧光特征，然后对吐哈盆地单井储层的油层、水层荧光特征反复实验，并与试油结果对比，归纳总结出了油层、水层及油水界面的识别标志。油层特征主要为荧光发光较好且均匀、大面积油包水；水层特征主要为荧光发光不均匀，可动水普遍，并出现水包油现象；油水界面特征主要为荧光从均匀发光过渡到不均匀发光，孔隙由可动油充填过渡到由可动水充填。提出了吐哈盆地储层含油规律性，从而为探井试油、油层划分提供了准确可靠的依据。     

北京城市集中供热节能气象预报系统研制

以气象-热力试验数据建立的供热气象节能模式、指标体系为依据,依托常规气象业务系统,选取ACCESS2000作为数据库系统,利用FORTRAN和VC计算机语言的混合编程技术,开发了北京城市集中供热节能气象预报系统,并于2002～2003年采暖季在北京市专业气象台和北京市热力集团公司投入应用,为实时供热调度提供依据。着重介绍系统的组成、研制内容和系统运行情况。     

Quantifying evaporation in a permeable pavement system

Studies quantifying evaporation from permeable pavement systems are limited to a few laboratory studies and one field application. This research quantifies evaporation for a larger field application by measuring the water balance from lined permeable pavement sections. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency constructed a 0.4 ha parking lot in Edison, NJ, that incorporated three different permeable pavement types in the parking lanes – permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), pervious concrete (PC) and porous asphalt (PA). An impermeable liner installed 0.4 m below the surface in four 11.6 m by 4.74 m sections per each pavement type captures all infiltrating water and routes it to collection tanks that can contain events up to 38 mm. Each section has a design impervious area to permeable pavement area ratio of 0.66:1. Pressure transducers installed in the underdrain collection tanks measured water level for 24 months. Level was converted to volume using depth‐to‐volume ratios for individual collection tanks. Using a water balance approach, the measured infiltrate volume was compared to rainfall volume on an event basis to determine the rainfall retained in the pavement strata and underlying aggregate. Interevent evaporation created additional storage in the pavement and aggregate layers. Events were divided into three groups based on antecedent dry period (ADP) and three 4 month groups of potential evaporation based on historical monthly pan evaporation records. There was a significant difference in rainfall retained among the various combinations of ADP and potential evaporation groups. More rainfall was retained in the pavement and aggregate layers as time between events increased and during warmer months with larger potential evaporation. Average cumulative evaporation from the permeable pavement sections for 134 rainfall events in 24 months was 5.2% of the cumulative rainfall volume, and the range was 2.4–7.6%. Each PC section had more annual evaporation than any individual PICP or PA section. While measureable, evaporation is a small contribution to the total water budget on an annual basis for these systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study on the reaction kinetics of mineral surface adsorption in mix system

The experimental results on adsorption of ions pb²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Ag⁺ onto mineral surfaces in a mix system show that the reaction kinetics of adions adsorbed onto mineral surfaces was mainly controlled by their diffusion rates in solution. The concentration variations can be fit for the second-order rate equation with good determined coefficients r = 0.800 5—0.979 7. In the near neutral solution, the concentration of exchanged ions K⁺ and Na⁺ related to reaction time can be described by the fint-order rate equation with r = 0.855 7–0.997 7. Meanwhile, the complex diffusionexchange rate equation is suitable for describing the ca^{2 +} concentration variation, as ions Pb^{2 +} and Zn²⁺ were adions. Experimental data show that the amount of ions K⁺, Na⁺and Ca²⁺ release is much more than that of adion decrement in solution. This fact may suggest that the complexstion reaction of adions Pb²⁺, Z²⁺ and Ag⁺ with the mineral surfaces was the major reaction process while adions were not entering the phyllosilicate interlayers or CaCO₃ lattice to exchange the ions K⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ at room temperature. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49773206) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 960504)     

老挝龙湖矿区ZK309农波组中盐段泥岩层硼的地球化学特征研究

由于硼（B）在自然界中分布较集中,平均丰度低,而且11B和10B之间质量差大,分馏效应显著,故元素硼及其同位素组成可以作为判定硼来源的指相标志和沉积环境。老挝龙湖钾盐矿区是呵叻高原钾盐矿在老挝境内最主要的矿区之一,ZK309钻孔在龙湖矿区具有代表性,通过对该钻孔盐岩上覆碎屑层的硼元素及其同位素的分析,B含量（56×10-6～103×10-6, wt.%）,平均值为73×10-6;?11B的范围为+7.44‰到+11.62‰,平均+8.96‰,介于海水的?11B值（+39.5‰）及陆相地下水的δ11B值（-3±5‰）之间,B的含量认为中盐段岩盐层沉积后期曾明显有水流体的活动,这种水流体表现出偏向于淡水、咸水混合水特征,而B同位素研究认为粘土矿物的吸附作用是?11B降低的主要因素。     

皖南—浙西下古生界碳沥青成因及南方海相“有效烃源岩”问题探讨

赋存于皖南—浙西的固体碳沥青分为古油藏裂解碳沥青和古油藏破坏次生充填碳沥青两种类型 ,阐明了两类碳沥青的不同成因机制。重新认定了浙西“康山沥青脉”为碳沥青而不是泥岩。论证了皖南、浙西碳沥青的烃源为下寒武统、中—上奥陶统至下志留统、中—上寒武统等。认为加里东运动—广西事件期间是下扬子盆地相区以下寒武统黑页岩为烃源的油藏形成和部分破坏的主要时期。针对南方的油气勘探 ,提出了只有在晚期成藏中作出贡献的源岩才是“有效烃源岩”的新概念。     

含多裂纹沥青路面开裂机制及扩展分析

基于断裂力学基本理论,通过有限元数值模拟方法,研究了同时存在表面裂纹和反射裂纹的沥青路面在交通荷载作用下表面裂纹和反射裂纹开裂机制及扩展路径,深入讨论了路面材料和结构对裂纹扩展路径的影响,分析了表面裂纹的位置对反射裂纹扩展路径的影响,采用多裂纹小梁弯曲试验验证了多裂纹的扩展行为。结果表明：在交通荷载作用下,表面裂纹向着偏离载荷的方向扩展,且扩展路径几乎为直线,反射裂纹则沿着“Z”字形向上扩展;路面结构层模量和厚度的改变能够影响裂纹的扩展路径;反射裂纹总是向着存在表面裂纹的一侧扩展;小梁弯曲试验得到裂纹扩展行为与数值模拟结果一致。     

The broken promises of social mix: the case of the Cabrini Green/Near North area in Chicago

Public policies of social mixing have been enacted as the reversal of what segregation and concentrated poverty are presumed to have produced: intensified social problems (i.e., “neighborhood effects”). In addition, the pervasive discourses of diversity have provided more support for the idea of social mixing. Studies on planned and unplanned diverse neighborhoods have shown how certain diverse patterns can emerge and endure over time. Yet these studies have failed to explain how such demographic diversity becomes integration. In this article, I draw on a multidimensional perspective of socio-spatial integration to present a qualitative case study of the Cabrini Green/Near North area in Chicago—a neighborhood with a long history of segregation and recent socially engineered diversity. The case shows how contentious this new coexistence has been, and how segregation has been shifting its mechanisms of enforcement from housing to other spheres of life. I conclude with reflections on four dimensions of socio-spatial integration, and on the troubling policy and theoretical implications of the “social mix” paradigm.