Arsenic enrichment in groundwater in the middle Gangetic Plain of Ghazipur District in Uttar Pradesh,India

Groundwater with high geogenic arsenic (As) is extensively present in the Holocene alluvial aquifers of Ghazipur District in the middle Gangetic Plain, India. A shift in the climatic conditions, weathering of carbonate and silicate minerals, surface water interactions, ion exchange, redox processes, and anthropogenic activities are responsible for high concentrations of cations, anions and As in the groundwater. The spatial and temporal variations for As concentrations were greater in the pre-monsoon (6.4–259.5 μg/L) when compared to the post-monsoon period (5.1–205.5 µg/L). The As enrichment was encountered in the sampling sites that were close to the Ganges River (i.e. south and southeast part of Ghazipur district). The depth profile of As revealed that low concentrations of NO₃⁻ are associated with high concentration of As and that As depleted with increasing depth. The poor relationship between As and Fe indicates the As release into the groundwater, depends on several processes such as mineral weathering, O₂ consumption, and NO₃⁻ reduction and is de-coupled from Fe cycling. Correlation matrix and factor analysis were used to identify various factors influencing the gradual As enrichment in the middle Gangetic Plain. Groundwater is generally supersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite in post-monsoon period, but not in pre-monsoon period. Saturation in both periods is reached for crystalline Fe phases such as goethite, but not with respect to poorly crystalline Fe phases and any As-bearing phase. The results indicate release of arsenic in redox processes in dry period and dilution of arsenic concentration by recharge during monsoon. Increased concentrations of bicarbonate after monsoon are caused by intense flushing of unsaturated zone, where CO₂ is formed by decomposition of organic matter and reactions with carbonate minerals in solid phase. The present study is vital considering the fact that groundwater is an exclusive source of drinking water in the region which not only makes situation alarming but also calls for the immediate attention.     

祁连山及周边地区降水与地形的关系

利用祁连山区及其周围(90°～104°E,32°～42°N)1960—2004年55个气象站点白天08:00—20:00时、夜间20:00—08:00时和全天20:00—20:00时逐日降水资料,分析了不同降水强度的时空分布特征及其与海拔的关系,得出了不同降雨强度以及不同季节最大降水总量出现的海拔.小雨日数与海拔较为密切,呈线性增长;中雨以上与坡向、地理位置有关,在海拔4850m附近降雨日数最多为143d.降雨日数和总量在海拔3700m左右达最大峰值,而在海拔2700m附近为次大峰值.进一步利用干湿年资料诊断分析出祁连山区最大降水高度的出现除了受地面海拔的影响外,很可能与高低空两个最大相对湿度中心及相应较强的冷空气活动中心出现高度关系密切.     

Distribution of Dissolved Inorganic Arsenic and Its Seasonal Variations in the Coastal Area of the East China Sea

Water samples were collected in the coastal area of the Changjiang Estuary on four cruises from August 2002 to May 2003. The seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic arsenic （DIAs） distributions were analyzed. The results showed that the distributions of DIAs were mainly influenced by Water （KSSW）. The concentration of the total dissolved the terrestrial input and the intrusion of the Kuroshio Subsurface inorganic arsenic （TDIAs） decreased consecutively from winter to summer, while it increased in autumn. The distributions of TDIAs showed some relationships with salinity and suspended particulate matter （SPM）. The relationships between DIAs speciation （including arsenite [ As（ Ⅲ ） ] and arsenate [ As（ Ⅴ ） ]）, biological activity and the availabilities of the phosphate were investigated in the study area for the cruise August 2002. The ratio of As （Ⅲ）/TDIAs increased with the decrease of phosphate concentrations. In the bottom water, the As（ Ⅲ ）/TDIAs ratio decreased with the increasing of N/P. The concentration of TDIAs decreased 28.7% approximately after the occurrence of harmful algal blooms （HAB） because of the uptake of arsenate by algae. Further study is needed about the arsenic source/sink relationships in their vertical or horizontal profiles and the uptake mechanism during the occurrence of harmful algal blooms.     

砷污染生态效应及水土体系中砷的治理对策研究

针对土壤砷污染严重的环境问题，通过分析砷的环境分布及砷化合物的主要环境性质，探讨了砷的土壤环境容量、土壤中的行为及砷对作物生态效应等问题，进一步研究了土壤砷的来源和存在形态、土壤中砷污染对农作物生长发育的影响及在作物体内的累积规律，提出了严禁随意排放、控制含砷农药使用量以及施加石灰固定土壤中砷的防治措施。     

基于ECOSTRESS地表温度和手机信令数据的城市人口热环境暴露风险评价——以西安市为例

全球气候变暖和城市热岛效应的双重影响使人类社会面临的极端高温风险日益加剧,给城市人口健康和社会经济可持续发展带来严峻挑战,科学评估城市热环境下人口暴露风险已成为当前学术界关注的热点领域。论文基于ECOSTRESS地表温度数据和手机信令数据,以西安市为例,在城市地表温度和人口时空变化分析基础上,构建城市人口暴露风险评价模型,揭示精细化时空尺度上的人口暴露风险时空格局及其动态演变特征。结果表明：(1)西安市夏季一天内的地表温度呈现出明显的波动特征,昼夜地表温度差异较大,白天平均温度为35.5℃,夜间平均温度为21.5℃,白天地表温度空间分布相比夜间具有更明显的空间异质性,且日内所有时刻均存在不同强度的城市热岛效应,热岛分布的变化表现出从聚集状态向离散状态再过渡至聚集状态的特征。(2)西安市人口分布呈单中心结构,73.6%的人口都分布在三环以内,且沿中轴线集中的现象显著,昼夜人口形成了“白天向心、夜间离心”的分布特征。(3)人口暴露的中、高与极高风险区主要呈散点式分布在城市中心区域,且86.6%的极高风险区位于三环以内,而无风险和低风险区主要集中连片分布在城市外围。(4)导致昼夜人口暴露风险...     

慢性氨氮胁迫对鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)幼鱼组织细胞免疫指标的影响研究

以鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)幼鱼为研究对象,研究低浓度氨氮长时间胁迫对组织细胞免疫指标和遗传物质代谢的影响。实验分0.35、0.7、1.5和3mg/L氨氮处理组,分别于0、5、10、15、20d取样并进行相关指标测定。结果显示:肝脏和鳃丝的丙二醛(MDA)含量表现出先上升后下降的趋势,MDA活性与氨氮浓度呈一定的正相关。氨氮对MDA的影响具有不同组织和不同时序的选择性。不同浓度氨氮胁迫下,鳃丝和肝脏Na+-K+-ATP活性均呈现先升高后降低,并随着时间的增加逐渐趋于稳定。Na+-K+-ATP活性与氨氮浓度呈一定的负相关性,尤其是3mg/L处理组与对照组差异性显著(P0.05)。在氨氮浓度0.7mg/L和1.5mg/L时,肌肉中RNA/DNA均表现出不同程度的增加,各浓度组与对照组差异不显著;而高浓度(3mg/L)比值基本无变化。肝脏和鳃丝的Na+-K+-ATP酶的mRNA表达量,在氨氮胁迫第5d时检测到达最高,随后表达量缓慢回落,实验20d除3mg/L处理组表达量仍高于对照组水平外,其他处理组均降至对照组水平。Na+-K+-ATP酶的表达水平变化趋势与Na+-K+-ATP活性基本一致。结果表明,在一定浓度的氨氮长时间胁迫作用下,抗氧化免疫系统和肌肉中的核酸代谢受到了一定的影响。     

Glacial oscillations during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial–Younger Dryas transition in the Ruda Valley,Central Pyrenees

The Upper Garonne Basin included the largest glacial system in the Pyrenees during the last glacial cycle. Within the long-term glacial retreat during Termination-1 (T-1), glacier fluctuations left geomorphic evidence in the area. However, the chronology of T-1 glacial oscillations on the northern slopes of the Central Pyrenees is still poorly constrained. Here, we introduce new geomorphological observations and a 12-sample dataset of ¹⁰Be cosmic-ray exposure ages from the Ruda Valley. This U-shaped valley, surrounded by peaks exceeding 2800 m a.s.l., includes a sequence of moraines and polished surfaces that enabled a reconstruction of the chronology of the last deglaciation. Following the maximum ice extent, warmer conditions prevailing at ~15–14 ka, during the Bølling–Allerød (B–A) Interstadial, favoured glacial retreat in the Ruda Valley. Within the B–A, glaciers experienced two phases of advance/stillstand with moraine formation at 13.5 and 13.0 ka. During the early Younger Dryas (YD), glacial retreat exposed the highest surfaces of the Saboredo Cirque (~2300–2350 m) at 12.7 ka. Small glaciers persisted only inside the highest cirques (~2470 m), such as in Sendrosa Cirque, with moraines stabilising at 12.6 ka. The results of this work present the most complete chronology for Pyrenean glacial oscillations from the B–A to the YD.