酸性矿山废水中生物成因次生高铁矿物的形成及环境工程意义

酸性矿山废水(acid mine drainage,AMD)是一类pH低并含有大量有毒金属元素的废水。AMD及受其影响的环境中次生高铁矿物类型主要包括羟基硫酸高铁矿物(如黄铁矾和施威特曼石等)和一些含水氧化铁矿物(如针铁矿和水铁矿等),而且这些矿物在不同条件下会发生相转变,如施氏矿物向针铁矿或黄铁矾矿物相转化。基于酸性环境中生物成因次生矿物的形成会"自然钝化"或"清除"废水中铁和有毒金属这一现象所获得的启示,提出利用这些矿物作为环境吸附材料去除地下水中砷,不但吸附量大(如施氏矿物对As的吸附可高达120mg/g),而且可直接吸附As(III),还几乎不受地下水中其他元素影响。利用AMD环境中羟基硫酸高铁矿物形成的原理,可将其应用于AMD石灰中和主动处理系统中,构成"强化微生物氧化诱导成矿-石灰中和"的联合主动处理系统,以提高AMD处理效果和降低石灰用量。利用微生物强化氧化与次生矿物晶体不断生长的原理构筑生物渗透性反应墙(PRB)并和石灰石渗透沟渠耦联,形成新型的AMD联合被动处理系统,这将有助于大幅度增加处理系统的寿命和处理效率。此外,文中还探讨了上述生物成因矿物形成在AMD和地下水处理方面应用的优点以及今后需要继续研究的问题。     

低聚合羟基铁离子-蒙脱石复合体吸附砷的实验研究

将提纯的钙蒙脱石与羟基铁离子溶液作用，制备了低聚合羟基铁－蒙脱石复合体，用化学分析，电子探针分析，粉晶X射线衍射分析，差热分析和穆斯堡尔谱分析等手段。对蒙脱石原样，低聚合羟基铁－蒙脱石复合体和相同条件下制备的铁的含水氧化物进行了表征。在实际土壤的酸度（pH=4-7)和温度（18－40℃）条件下，进行了低聚合羟基铁－蒙脱石复合体吸附有害元素砷的实验，探讨了复合体的砷吸附能力与pH值，温度，吸附时间，砷初始浓度，离子强度间的关系，并与蒙脱石和铁的含水氧化物的砷吸附行为进行了对比，研究表明，在实验条件下，低聚合羟基铁－蒙脱石复合体对砷具有明显的亲合力，低聚合羟基铁－蒙脱石复合体吸附砷的过程有可能是地表岩石和土壤中重要的地球化学过程，是影响砷地地表，特别是土壤中迁移，富集的重要因素。     

氢化物原子荧光法测定天然水中痕量砷

水样经王水分解,在酸度10％—25％介质中,As(v)用硫脲-抗坏血酸预还原,使As(Ⅱ)与硼氢化钾溶液生成气态氢化物(AsH_3),在原子荧光光度计上测定砷量。方法简便、快速、灵敏。方法检出限为0.08μg/l,相对标准偏差(R.S.D.)为5.05％,回收率为94.3％—105.4％。     

Role of Quaternary stratigraphy on arsenic-contaminated groundwater from parts of Middle Ganga Plain,UP–Bihar,India

Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation in the Middle Ganga Plain (MGP) (Uttar Pradesh–Bihar) have influenced groundwater arsenic contamination. Arsenic contaminated aquifers are pervasive within narrow entrenched channels and flood plains (T₀-Surface) of fine-grained grey to black coloured argillaceous organic rich Holocene sediments (Newer Alluvium). Contaminated aquifers are often located close to distribution of abandoned or existing channels and swamps. The Pleistocene Older Alluvium upland terraces (T₂-Surface) made up of oxidized yellowish brown sediments with calcareous and ferruginous concretions and the aquifers within it are free of arsenic contamination. MGP sediments are mainly derived from the Himalaya with minor inputs from the Peninsular India. The potential source of arsenic in MGP is mainly from the Himalaya. The contaminated aquifers in the Terai belt of Nepal are closely comparable in nature and age to those of the MGP. Arsenic was transported from disseminated sources as adsorbed on dispersed phases of hydrated-iron-oxidea and later on released to groundwater mainly by reductive dissolution of hydrated-iron-oxide and corresponding oxidation of organic matter in aquifer. Strong reducing nature of groundwater is indicated by high concentration of dissolved iron (11.06 mg/l). Even within the arsenic-affected areas, dugwells are found to be arsenic safe due to oxyginated nature.     

Segmentation of alluvial fans in death valley,california: New insights from surface exposure dating and laboratory modelling

Laboratory experiments, recent paleoenvironmental analyses of rock varnish, and surface exposure dating of geomorphic units have led to new insights into the process of entrenchment and segmentation of alluvial fans, and into the history of Quaternary sedimentation in Death Valley. Entrenchment begins at the fanhead. As the trench deepens, its down-slope end migrates down-fan, taking several tens of thousands of years to reach lower parts of the fan. Laboratory experiments suggest, however, that a new segment begins to grow at the toe long before the trench reaches this part of the fan. Furthermore, the initial slope of the segment is not the equilibrium slope. Field evidence supports this model. The tectonic tilting that caused entrenchment and segmentation in Death Valley may have been triggered by loading of the valley with water. Sedimentation on the salt pan in southern Death Valley is not, at present, in equilibrium with that on the fans. Rather, it seems to be adjusting to an increase in the amount of fine material reaching the playa, due in part to breaching of the outlet of Lake Tecopa somewhat after 600 ka BP, and in part to subsidence of different parts of the valley at different rates. Failure to recognize this disequilibrium resulted in errors in earlier estimates of the age of the segmentation events.     

溆浦县龙王江锑金矿带地质特征

矿带主要赋存于板溪群五强溪组上段之韧性剪切断裂带内,由近80条规模不等、含金性不一的锑金石英脉组成。金的富集与金属硫(砷)化物关系密切,毒砂是其主要载金矿物。褪色带内硅化、毒砂化是近矿围岩标志,砷是其标型元素。     

Oxyanion Concentrations in Eastern Sierra Nevada Rivers – 2. Arsenic and Phosphate

Water samples were collected from the Truckee River-Pyramid Lake system, the Walker River-Walker Lake system, and the Carson River, all located in eastern California and western Nevada, U.S.A., at three different times (i.e., summer 1991, spring 1992, and autumn 1992) over a two year period. The concentrations of As, Na, Cl, PO4, and pH were measured in these river samples and the associated terminal lakes. Arsenic values ranged from below 13 nmol/kg near Truckee, California to 160 nmol/kg at Nixon, Nevada in the Truckee River, from 40 nmol/kg in the headwaters of both West and East Walker Rivers to 270 nmol/kg below Weber Reservoir on the main branch of the Walker River, and from <27 nmol/kg to 234 nmol/kg for the lower Carson River system. Arsenic concentrations in Steamboat Creek (0.91 mol/kg–1.80 mol/kg) in the Truckee River catchment are above the U.S. EPA drinking water maximum contaminant level of 0.67 mol/kg, as are the As concentrations in both Pyramid Lake (1.33 mol/kg–1.57 mol/kg ) and Walker Lake (13.7 mol/kg–18.7 mol/kg). Sources of As for all three rivers include weathering of As-rich rocks and/or regolith and input of high-As geothermal spring waters, both processes primarily, although not exclusively, adding As to the headwater regions of these rivers. Steamboat Hot Springs (29 mol/kg As 54.5 mol/kg), for example, is identified as a source of As to the Truckee River via Steamboat Creek. The high As concentrations in Pyramid and Walker Lakes are likely due to (1) desorption of arsenate from aquatic particulate matter in these high pH waters (9.0 pH 9.5), (2) limited biologic uptake of arsenate, and (3) evaporative concentration of the lake waters. Evaluation of molar PO4}/As ratios of river waters and geothermal spring waters (e.g., Steamboat Hot Springs), indicates that phosphate is substantially enriched in Steamboat Creek as well as the mid to lower reaches of the Walker and Carson Rivers. These regions of each river are dominated by agricultural interests and, additionally, in the case of Steamboat Creek, residential areas and golf courses. Our data strongly imply that phosphate-rich agricultural return flow has likely added P to these streams and, consequently, increased their respective P:As ratios.     

不同盐度条件下亚硝酸态氮与非离子氨对花鲈幼鱼的毒性实验

在水温为25～31℃、p H 7.70~8.17、溶解氧≥5.0mg/L、自然光照的条件下,作者采用半静水法研究了亚硝酸态氮与非离子氨在不同盐度条件下对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼(50.33 g±4.35 g)的急性毒性、半致死量浓度、安全质量浓度及不同盐度条件下氨氮胁迫对花鲈幼鱼耗氧率与排氨率的影响。结果表明,花鲈幼鱼在盐度0、10、20时,亚硝酸盐安全浓度分别为16.357、52.540、58.622 mg/L,总氨氮安全浓度分别为0.794、4.625、5.163 mg/L,非离子氨安全浓度分别为0.584、2.313、1.951 mg/L。实验结果说明,盐度和氨氮联合胁迫对花鲈幼鱼的耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响,盐度10时耗氧率和排氨率最低。     

Invisible homelessness: anonymity,exposure, and the right to the city

The city of Denver, Colorado recently outlawed camping in all open space. Part of a broad effort to accelerate the profit potential of prime urban land through real estate speculation and commerce, the camping ban has dislocated homeless people from the city’s marginal spaces. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in Denver, this article develops a tripartite approach to public space—prime, everyday, and marginal—to analyze challenging ways in which people who are homeless in Denver must now manage their exposure to others in everyday public spaces. In addition to eliminating places of hard-won safety and security, this singular new code disrupts hygiene, mobility, and sociability routines, thus throwing already precarious lives into further disarray by rendering housing status visible. To demonstrate how everyday social justice springs from interaction between different people co-present in public space, we foreground the voices of Denver’s homeless people, those most impacted by quality of life laws. Evicting individuals from marginal spaces and rendering them visibly homeless in everyday and prime spaces, the ban deprives them of a fundamental right to the city: anonymity.