Maladaptation and development as usual? Investigating climate change mitigation and adaptation projects in Cambodia

ABSTRACT

Based on research into multiple types of climate change mitigation and adaptation (CCMA) projects and policies in Cambodia, this paper documents intersecting social and environmental conflicts that bear striking resemblance to well-documented issues in the history of development projects. Using data from three case studies, we highlight the ways that industrial development and CCMA initiatives are intertwined in both policy and project creation, and how this confluence is creating potentials for maladaptive outcomes. Each case study involves partnerships between international institutions and the national government, each deploys CCMA as either a primary or supporting legitimation, and each failed to adhere to institutional and/or internationally recognized standards of justice. In Cambodia, mismanaged projects are typically blamed on the kleptocratic and patrimonial governance system. We show how such blame obscures the collusion of international partners, who also sidestep their own safeguards, and ignores the potential for maladaptation at the project level and the adverse social and environmental impacts of the policies themselves.

Key policy insights

• Initiatives to mitigate or adapt to climate change look very much like the development projects that caused climate change: Extreme caution must be exercised to ensure policies and projects do not exacerbate the conditions driving climate change.

• Safeguards ‘on paper’ are insufficient to avoid negative impacts and strict accountability mechanisms must be put in place.

• Academic researchers can be part of that accountability mechanism through case study reports, policy briefs, technical facilitation to help ensure community needs are met and safeguards are executed as written.

• Impacts beyond the project scale must be assessed to avoid negative consequences for social and ecological systems at the landscape level.

     

作战计划时空建模与冲突检测算法

为解决作战推演中作战计划时空冲突检测问题,对作战计划建模和时空冲突检测算法展开了研究。首先将作战计划分解为推演事件序列并分析了推演事件之间的时空关系;然后采用时间约束网表达推演事件序列,将推演事件时间冲突检测转化为负环检测问题;最后采用Bellman_Ford算法设计了负环检测函数,并对典型案例进行了实验,验证了算法的可行性。     

Gender analysis of fear and mobility in the context of ethnic conflict in Kayah State,Myanmar

Kayah State has faced prolonged conflict for the past six decades. The conflict has affected all the people of Kayah, though the nature and extent of the impact varies by age, gender and class. Caught between the ethnic armed groups and military and brutalized by both, the people of Kayah have struggled to survive. The conflict has further restricted the mobility of an already isolated people. This lack of mobility has affected every aspect of their lives including livelihood, access to education and markets, and religious and social networks. Women's mobility is more restricted than that of men, and the different levels of mobility have in turn led to different strategies to survive the conflict. While men can leave the area for work and education, women cannot. Staying in the conflict zone increases both their vulnerability and isolation. The increased isolation affects their position within the family and community, as they have less confidence, voice and decision‐making power. Women use silence and submissiveness to escape from both the military and the ethnic armed groups. However, such strategies, in the long term, continue to perpetuate women's subordinate position in society. They also reinforce women's powerlessness and maintain the current power structures and hierarchies.     

古镇旅游地居民旅游影响感知对支持旅游开发的影响

居民是否支持旅游开发关系到当地旅游业的长期成功和可持续发展。基于态度冲突理论和社会交换理论,本研究以浙江省乌镇 458位居民为样本,以消极旅游影响感知为中介和信任旅游开发公司为调节,实证考察了积极旅游影响感知对居民支持旅游开发的影响。研究结果表明：积极旅游影响感知和消极旅游影响感知不是无关的平行构建,前者对后者具有显著弱化作用;消极旅游影响感知部分中介积极旅游影响感知与居民支持旅游开发的关系,以直接影响为判断依据会低估积极旅游影响感知对居民支持旅游开发的影响;信任旅游开发公司正向调节消极旅游影响感知与居民支持旅游开发的负向关系。研究结论对明晰居民支持旅游开发的形成机制、获取居民对旅游开发的更大支持等具有重要意义。     

基于景观格局的黑河中游土地利用冲突时空分析

以黑河中游为研究区,在分析土地利用变化的基础上,构建了由外部压力、脆弱性和稳定性表征土地利用冲突强度的模型,分析了1980—2015年土地利用冲突的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 土地利用冲突强度的空间分布在不同时期虽有不同,但冲突强度较高的区域集中在甘州、临泽2个人类活动较为活跃的区县,且指数最高的区域呈围绕城市四周分布的特点;② 土地利用冲突在不同时期变化显著,1995—2005年是土地利用冲突强度增加较为明显的时段,中部的甘州区、南部的山丹县两地增加最为明显;2005—2015年虽然冲突强度增大区域的面积少于上一时段,但冲突增加幅度高于上一时段,尤其民乐县和高台县增加较为明显;③ 土地利用冲突与自然因素的相关性极弱,与道路和河流等用地条件的相关性较强,而与人口密度和GDP为代表的社会经济因素的相关性最强;④ 土地利用冲突与土地利用变化的阶段性特征一致,1995—2000年是土地利用变化程度最为剧烈的时期,而1995—2005年也是土地利用冲突面积增加最多的时段;耕地和建设用地的增长极为活跃,对生态用地产生侵占,反映了耕地、建设用地和生态用地三者之间的矛盾是黑河中游土地利用冲突的主要表现形式。     

全球水冲突问题研究进展与热点的可视化分析

水冲突是发生在国家、州（省）、团体等不同利益主体之间关于水资源获取的矛盾。冷战以来,水冲突相关事件的总体烈度下降,事件数量大幅增长;与此同时,水冲突问题的研究也开始获得广泛关注,研究热度快速提升。水冲突问题关系到区域安全和可持续发展,有必要对相关研究进行梳理。为此,利用非监督机器学习、空间分析以及数据可视化方法,对国内外水冲突相关研究进行梳理,统计了相关研究的空间结构,构建了研究文献语料库,归纳了水冲突研究的主要热点议题。发现：水冲突相关研究具有明显的空间异质性,且不同的议题在时间上呈现不同的演进趋势;水冲突相关研究的主要议题包括：水冲突成因、水冲突分析方法与模型、水冲突解决机制、气候变化对水冲突的影响,以及水霸权主义与国际水法等。     

一种全场景水系流向自动检查算法

水系流向是基础地理信息数据库水系数据的重要特征之一,准确的流向是下一步数据分析应用的基础。而基于摄影测量先内后外的采集方式容易导致流向采集错误,若以人工方式检查费时费力且容易有遗漏。针对这一情况,本文设计了全场景水系线方向自动化检查算法,包括交汇冲突检查与落差异常检查两部分。算法全面可靠,无需叠加外部数据,大大减少了人工比对的工作量,提高了质检效率。     

森林利用的冲突与调解途径理论探讨

森林价值的多样性和利用群体的多样性,是森林利用冲突的根源,也决定了森林利用的冲突形式。同一社会中,不同利益群体从各自的利益和兴趣出发,竞相利用有限的森林资源的各种价值,导致森林利用的冲突,冲突若不及时解决,将影响森林为人类社会持续提供价值。是伴随着森林管理的一种不可避免的现实,不论是哪一种管理方式都存在着这样或那样的冲突。解决的途径也不相同,包括技术途径、调解、仲裁和诉诸法律等。村社林业是相对于政府直接控制管理森林的另一类林业管理方式,村社林业的实践也需要解决冲突,建立和培养村社解决冲突的机制和能力是开展村社林业的一项重要任务。村社林业管理模式的成功需要建立冲突的调解和仲裁机制,透明、参与、合作和创造是建立这种机制并使这种机制发挥作用的基础。     

Emerging Memorial Landscapes of Labor Conflict in the Cotton Textile South

While research into the formation of memorial landscapes in the American South has focused on those resulting from racial conflicts, a new landscape memorializing labor conflict and class consciousness is also emerging in the region's textile‐producing Piedmont. This memorialization poses significant challenges to dominant regional discourses of economic development and class mutuality in a region in which labor organizing and radical politics remain anathema. This paper examines this emerging landscape for what it can tell us about class relations in the region and the process by which memorial landscapes are formed.     

Comparing management of recreational Pagrus fisheries in Shark Bay (Australia) and Sagami Bay (Japan): Conventional catch controls versus stock enhancement

This paper compares the management of recreational fisheries for pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) in the inner gulfs of Shark Bay (Australia) and the closely related red sea bream (Pagrus major) in Sagami Bay (Japan). Fishing and other factors have resulted in population declines of these species in both regions. In response, fishery managers have employed contrasting management, more conventional catch controls in Shark Bay and stock enhancement in Sagami Bay. Although recreational harvest levels were higher than commercial levels in both fisheries, the driving mechanisms are comparatively different due to historical, social, economic and political issues in the respective locations.