波浪作用下液化粉土流动特性拖球试验研究

粉质土大量存在于黄河水下三角洲地区,粉土液化过程中具有类似流体的性质,可以把液化过程中的粉土视为黏性流体进行研究。基于流体力学中Stokes黏滞阻力原理,在波浪水槽试验基础上,设计了一套测量液化过程中粉土流变特性的拖球装置,并对其实用性进行验证。在铺设有粉土底床的波浪水槽中埋入可以水平滑动的小球,通过拖动小球在粉土中水平运动,测量小球所受阻力值的大小,用以计算液化粉土表观动力黏度。充分考虑试验中波浪要素、超孔压比等因素的影响。结果表明,该装置能够满足试验要求;波浪循环荷载作用下,观察到了孔压的累积至液化的过程;波浪参数对结果有较大影响,其中波高越大,表观黏度值越小;同一波高情况下,表观黏度随时间缓慢增加;随着超孔压比的升高,波浪作用下粉土表观黏度值逐渐减小。     

基于地中渗透仪的入渗补给方式分析

文章通过在某均衡试验场地中的渗透仪上开展土壤水流穿透试验,分析灌溉水对地下水补给方式。试验结果表明:淹灌条件下,粉细砂扰动土中的穿透曲线为典型的单峰对称型,表明粉细砂中的土壤水通过活塞式入渗补给地下水;而亚粘土中的穿透曲线显示多峰、优先穿透、拖尾等现象,表明亚粘土中的土壤水以优势流方式补给地下水。通过对均衡场降水入渗补给的长观资料分析发现:在自然降雨条件下亚粘土中优势流明显,粉细砂中主要以活塞流为主。     

Intergrain contact density indices for granular mixes——Ⅰ: Framework

Mechanical behavior such as stress-strain response, shear strength, resistance to liquefaction, modulus, and shear wave velocity of granular mixes containing coarse and fine grains is dependent on intergrain contact density of the soil. The global void ratio e is a poor index of contact density for such soils. The contact density depends on void ratio, fine grain content (CF), size disparity between particles, and gradation among other factors. A simple analysis of a two-sized particle system with large size disparity is used to develop an understanding of the effects of CF , e, and gradation of coarse and fine grained soils in the soil mix on intergrain contact density. An equivalent intergranular void ratio (ec)eq is introduced as a useful intergrain contact density for soils at fines content of less than a threshold value CFth. Beyond this value, an equivalent interfine void ratio (ef)eq is introduced as a primary intergrain contact density index. At higher values of CF beyond a limiting value of fine grains content CFL, an interfine void ratio ef is introduced as the primary contact density index. Relevant equivalent relative density indices (Drc)eq and (Drf)eq are also presented. Experimental data show that these new indices correlate well with steady state strength, liquefaction resistance, and shear wave velocities of sands, silty sands, sandy silts, and gravelly sand mixes.     

Terrigenous sedimentation processes along the continental margin off NW Africa: implications from grain-size analysis of seabed sediments

The terrigenous fraction of seabed sediments recovered along the north‐west African continental margin illustrates spatial variability in grain size attributed to different transport mechanisms. Three subpopulations are determined from the grain‐size analyses (n = 78) of the carbonate‐free silt fraction applying an end‐member modelling algorithm (G. J. Weltje, 1997). The two coarsest end‐members are interpreted as representing aeolian dust, and the fine‐grained end‐member is related to fluvial supply. The end‐member model thus allows aeolian fallout to be distinguished from fluvial‐sourced mud in this area. The relative contributions of the end‐members show distinct regional variations that can be related to different transport processes and pathways. Understanding present‐day sediment dispersal and mixing is important for a better understanding of older sedimentary records and palaeoclimate reconstructions in the region.     

循环荷载下粉土液化流动特性拖球试验研究

基于流体力学中的Stokes黏滞阻力理论,以振动台试验为基础,开发了一套测量液化过程中粉土流变特性的拖球试验装置。在铺有粉土海床的模型箱内埋设光滑小球,通过测量小球水平运动过程中所受阻力值的大小,计算粉土液化的表观动力黏度,分析粉土液化过程中的表观动力黏度与超孔压比之间的关系,以及液化后表观黏度与应变率的变化规律。试验结果表明,振动台试验下,孔隙压力表现为迅速上升,粉土迅速达到液化状态;振动过程对海床固结影响较大;粉土海床在未达到完全液化状态时（ru<1）,表观黏度随超孔压比增大而减小,在液化状态下（ru=1）,剪应力随应变率增大而减小,粉土呈现出剪切稀化的特点,为典型的非牛顿流体特征。     

九龙江河口湾泥沙运移特点与沉积动力机制

本文研究了九龙江河口湾的泥沙动物特点与沉积动力机制。结果表明：（１）泥沙主要来地河流输沙和潮流输沙;潮流输沙星明显大于河流输沙星;涨潮输沙星通常大于落潮输沙量;潮流输沙在枯水期尤为显著,而河流输沙则集中在洪水期。（２）底沙推移运动主要发生在水道床面,系局部冲刷所致;推移质输沙表现为沙洲推移,沙嘴延伸或水下沙体游移,研究发现,在涨潮流占优势的鸡屿北水道有反向,推移质输输沙的迹象。（３）自６０年代以来     

Measurement of the sortable silt current speed proxy using the Sedigraph 5100 and Coulter Multisizer IIe: precision and accuracy

The weight percentage and mean size of the 10–63 μm terrigenous silt fraction (termed 'sortable silt') of fine-grained marine sediments have recently been argued to be proxies for near-bottom palaeocurrent intensity. This paper details the accuracy and precision of the Sedigraph 5100 and the Coulter Multisizer IIe in determining the weight percentage and mean size of the sortable silt at abundances characteristic of deep-ocean sediments. Three sortable silt standards and a fine silt/clay diluent were generated from natural deep-sea sediment of the Iceland Basin. These were used to produce silty clays with standard additions of sortable silt ranging from 1% to 20% of the total by weight. Accuracy was measured relative to the size of the pure spike measured by each instrument. At sortable silt abundance >5%, the Sedigraph and the Coulter Multisizer estimate both weight percentage and mean grain size precisely and accurately, while below 5%, instrumental noise degrades their performance. On the basis of the Sedigraph results, a series of percentage errors is defined, which may be applied to sortable silt mean size and weight percentage estimates used in palaeoceanographic near-bottom current reconstruction. It is suggested that, ideally, palaeocurrent reconstructions should be based on Sedigraph determinations of the 0–63 μm grain size distribution, yielding both mean and abundance, or on Coulter Multisizer determinations of the sortable silt grain size mean. The Coulter Multisizer may prove especially useful in regions of very depleted (<5%) sortable silt component.     

Size sorting of fine-grained sediments during erosion: Results from the western Gulf of Lions

Sediment cores from the western Gulf of Lions France were subject to known bottom shear stresses with the goal of understanding size-specific sediment erodibility. On cruises in October 2004, February and April 2005, cores with an undisturbed sediment–water interface were collected along a transect extending seaward from the Tet river mouth. The cores were exposed to increasing shear stresses (0.01–0.4 Pa) onboard the vessel shortly after collection by using a Gust erosion chamber. Samples of the suspensate were collected during the erosion experiments and analyzed for disaggregated inorganic grain size (DIGS) using a Coulter Multisizer IIe. Size-specific mobility plots were generated by dividing the proportion of each grain size in suspension at each shear stress by its proportion in the sediment before erosion. If all grain sizes that make up the bottom sediment are eroded equally from the bed, then mobility equals one for all grain sizes. Values >1 indicate that the suspended sediment is enriched in the size class and values <1 indicate that the size class is enriched in the bed. Results show that in non-cohesive, sandy silts, fine grains (clays and fine silts) are eroded preferentially from the bed at low shear stresses. With increasing bottom stress progressively larger grains are eroded from the bed. In cohesive silts, preferential erosion of the finer sizes no longer occurs, with all sizes up to medium silts eroding at approximately the same rate. Effectively, a sandy silt can be winnowed of its fine grain fraction during erosion while cohesive silts cannot. This difference in the sortability of cohesive and non-cohesive sediment during erosion may control the position and maintenance of the sand–mud transition and the sequestration of surface-adsorbed contaminants.     

黄河水下三角洲粉质土扰动土层特征及成因探析

黄河水下三角洲上分布着大量的扰动土层,其性质与周围未扰动土相比有很大的差异。在老黄河口区选择扰动土层的典型分布区,利用工程地质钻探取样、原位静力触探试验和浅地层剖面探测对海底扰动土层的厚度及工程地质特征进行了调查分析。结果表明,与未扰动土相比,扰动土的重度较大、孔隙比较小、含水率较低、强度有一定程度的提高。同时,分别对风暴潮作用下黄河水下三角洲粉质土的瞬时液化极限深度和残余液化极限深度进行了计算。计算结果表明,残余液化极限深度较大。将残余液化极限深度、通过浅地层剖面探测结果所得的扰动土层厚度以及通过土工试验统计结果所得的扰动土层厚度进行了对比,发现三者对应很好。对黄河水下三角洲粉质土中扰动土层的形成机制进行了探讨,认为风暴潮作用过程中产生的土体液化是其主要诱因。     

非饱和击实粉土的强度和屈服特性研究

由于吸力量测技术的困难,对京―九线粉土在不同含水率下击实并进行三轴不排水剪切试验,研究其强度和屈服特性,为非饱和击实粉土力学模型的建立提供依据。试验结果表明：该击实粉土在剪切过程中,在最优含水率干侧击实的土样具有较高的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈软化趋势,土样先剪缩后剪胀,湿侧击实的土样具有较低的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈硬化趋势,土样不断剪缩;随着试样击实含水率的增加,击实粉土的强度和屈服应力不断减小,水对土体具有一定的软化作用;不同击实含水率下,土样在q-p平面内破坏时的屈服轨迹为近似平行的斜直线,含水率对临界状态线的斜率没有影响;含水率对击实粉土抗剪强度的贡献表现为土体的似黏聚力的增加,似黏聚力与含水率之间呈乘幂关系,得出以含水率为变量的击实粉土强度计算公式,可在实际工程中推广应用。