应用局部拓扑修改提高GIS路径分析精度

针对现有路径分析算法中道路节点与路径分析的起点、终点不一致而导致的分析误差问题,提出了一种应用局部拓扑修改的方法实时将路径分析的起点和终点作为结点插入拓扑网的路径分析算法,并采用动态修改网格索引的方法提高了节点与链的检索速度.经实验比较,该算法在很大程度上减小了分析误差,提高了算法的实用性,而时间复杂度与Dijkstra算法相比控制在10-1s内.     

斑节对虾形态性状对体质量影响的分析

经济性状是对虾遗传育种的重要指标, 形态参数对于经济性状的贡献率是选育参数的重要依据。为了研究斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)表型性状间的相关性及影响体质量的因素组成, 随机选取1 339 尾6 月龄对虾, 对其形态性状(体长、头胸甲长、头胸甲高、头胸甲宽)和体质量性状5 个数量性状进行测量, 并应用相关分析、多元回归、通径分析、决定系数等方法讨论了形态性状对体质量性状的影响。结果表明, 所测各形态性状间的相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01); 其中体长(P=0.563)对体质量的直接影响较大, 是影响体质量的主要因素。决定系数分析结果与通径分析结果一致, 各表型性状对体质量的总决定系数Σd=0.925, 表明所选性状是影响体质量的主要性状。通过逐步回归分析方法,经偏回归系数显著性检验, 建立了体质量为因变量, 体长、头胸甲长、头胸甲高和头胸甲宽为自变量的多元回归回归方程:Y= –22.489 + 0.22X₁+ 0.191X₂+ 0.339X₃+ 0.296X₄, 为斑节对虾选育提供了理论依据。     

三疣梭子蟹选育群F2S 表型性状对体质量影响的效果分析

随机抽取三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)抗病候选群F2代(F2S)120只及普通养殖群(RS)88只,对其头胸甲宽X1、头胸甲长X2、螯足长X3、Ⅰ步足长X4、Ⅱ步足长X5、Ⅲ步足长X6、游泳足长X7、中额齿间距X8、两侧额齿间距X9、下额齿间距X10、体质量Y等11个生长性状进行测量,计算每个群体内性状间的相关系数。采用通径分析方法计算,以形态性状为自变量对体质量作依变量的通径系数和决定系数,并进行各性状对体质量影响大小的分析。结果表明,两个群体所选的10个参数均与体质量显著相关。通径分析显示头胸甲宽对F2S群体质量影响最大,Ⅱ步足长对RS群体质量影响最大,他们的通径系数分别为0.498和0.609。间接通径分析表明Ⅲ步足长和两侧额齿间距分别对F2S群和RS群体质量间接影响最大。经逐步多元回归分析,两个群体各有4个参数对体质量的回归分析达到显著水平,并建立了两个不同的回归方程, F2S群： Y =-108.331＋8.259 X1＋11.372 X4＋8.382 X7-37.098 X9。RS群：Y=-106.763＋7.725 X1＋18.452 X5-73.358 X9＋45.877 X10。回归方程可以为三疣梭子蟹遗传育种提供一定的理论基础。     

Distribution of crustal fluids in Northeast Japan as inferred from resistivity surveys

We carried out magnetotelluric (MT) surveys in central northeastern Japan. Two-dimensional resistivity profiles along three survey lines show similar features each other. By comparing the resistivity distribution to the distribution of seismic velocities, we inferred the distribution and flow of crustal fluids. Three fluid flow paths were detected based on the distribution of regions of low resistivity. The first path ascends from the top of the upper mantle, passes through the lower crust, and reaches the surface, forming a fluid chamber within the lower or middle crust. This path is related to the volcanic activity in the backbone range. The second path rises from the first fluid chamber and has produced small fluid reservoirs on both sides of the backbone range. These small reservoirs are considered to be related to the seismicity of the region. The third path is located to the east of the volcanic front and represents another fluid flow path from the uppermost mantle to the lower crust that may have formed a small fluid reservoir to the east of the volcanic front.     

闪电通道垂直假定引起回击辐射场峰值计算误差分析

利用高速摄像系统观测的闪电通道和利用分形方法模拟的闪电通道,分析了通道的垂直假定对回击辐射场峰值计算的影响。结果表明,回击电磁场随方位角的变化非常明显,在距闪电通道几百米距离,误差可达2倍;在1km处,闪电通道的垂直假定对时域回击辐射场峰值计算的相对误差最大为50%左右,平均小于10%。随距离的增加,误差逐渐减小。     

Sensitivity of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG （GAMILI.I.0） Climate Simulations to Cloud Droplet Effective Radius and Liquid Water Path

This paper documents a study to examine the sensitivity to cloud droplet effective radius and liquid water path and the alleviation the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface in the latest version of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics （LASG）, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （IAP） （GAMIL1.1.0）. Considerable negative biases in all flux components, and thus an energy imbalance, are found in GAMIL1.1.0. In order to alleviate the energy imbalance, two modifications, namely an increase in cloud droplet effective radius and a decrease in cloud liquid water path, have been made to the cloud properties used in GAMIL. With the increased cloud droplet effective radius, the single scattering albedo of clouds is reduced, and thus the reflection of solar radiation into space by clouds is reduced and the net solar radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere is increased. With the reduced cloud optical depth, the net surface shortwave radiation flux is increased, causing a net warming over the land surface. This results in an increase in both sensible and latent heat fluxes over the land regions, which is largely balanced by the increased terrestrial radiation fluxes. Consequently, the energy balance at the top of atmosphere and at the surface is achieved with energy flux components consistent with available satellite observations.     

Retrieval of Liquid Water Path Inside Nonprecipitating Clouds Using TMI Measurements

Quantitative estimates of liquid water path （LWP） in clouds using satellite measurements are critical to understanding of cloud properties and the assessment of global climate change. In this paper, the relationship between microwave brightness temperature （TB） and LWP in the nonprecipitating clouds is studied by using satellite microwave measurements from the TRMM Microwave Imager （TMI） onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM）, together with a radiative transfer model for microwave radiance calculations. Radiative transfer modeling shows that the sensitivity is higher at both 37.0- and 85.5-GHz horizontal polarization channels for the LWP retrievals. Also, the differences between the retrieved values responding to TBs of various channels and the theoretical values are displayed by the model. Based upon above simulations, with taking into account the factor of resolution and retrieval bias for a single,channel, a nonprecipitating cloud LWP in the summer subtropical marine environment retrieval algorithm is formulated by the combination of the two TMI horizontal polarization channels, 37.0 and 85.5 GHz. Moreover,by using TMI measurements （1Bll）, this algorithm is applied to retrieving respectively LWPs for clear sky, nonprecipitating clouds, and typhoon precipitating clouds. In the clear sky case, the LWP cl~anges from -1 to 1 g m-2, and its mean value is about 10^-5 g m^-2. It indicates that, using this combination retrieval algorithm, there are no obvious systemic deviations when the LWP is low enough. The LWP values varying from 0 to 1000 g m^-2 in nonprecipitating clouds are reasonable, and its distribution pattern is very similar to the detected results in the visible channel of Visible and Infrared Scanner （VIRS） on the TRMM. In typhoon precipitating clouds, there is much more proportion of high LWP in the mature phase than the early stage. When surface rainfall rate is lower than 5 mm h^-1, the LWP increases with increasing rainfall rate.     

Automatic substepping integration of the subloading tij model with stress path dependent hardening

This paper discusses the numerical integration of the subloading tij model. This is an elastoplastic model with stress path dependent hardening, which can predict the behaviour of normally consolidated clays or loose sands, as well as of over-consolidated clays or dense sands, with a small number of material parameters. Three features distinguish the subloading tij model from the conventional ones: (a) the use of a modified stress space given by tensor t_ij; (b) the split of the plastic strain increments in two components leading to a stress path dependent hardening; and (c) the use of two yield surfaces (subloading yield surface and normal yield surface). This last feature is based on the concept of sub-yielding stress states and adds an extra internal strain-like hardening variable, related to the relative density state, which demands its own evolution law. The three characteristics above greatly improve the prediction capabilities of the model, with respect to those of the well-known Cam clay model, at the cost of only two additional parameters. Nonetheless, the numerical integration of the constitutive equations of subloading tij model is a bit challenging, mainly due to the stress path dependent hardening. In order to integrate the equations of subloading tij model in the same way as for any conventional model, the authors reformulated its equations in a simpler and direct manner. Here, these equations are integrated using multi-step explicit schemes, such as modified-Euler and Runge–Kutta–Dormand–Price, with automatic error control. Simple forward-Euler scheme is also used for the sake of comparison. The results show that the modified-Euler scheme is more accurate as well as faster than the other schemes analysed over a wide range of error tolerance. Besides, the automatic feature of these schemes is a great convenience for the users of numerical codes.     

大别山朱家冲高压榴辉岩变质演化特征分析

研究表明大别山朱家冲榴辉岩属于典型的高压榴辉岩,其具有复杂的变质演化历史。根据岩相学、矿物成份化学和热力学分析表明,该类榴辉岩记录了6期变质过程,具有“顺时针”的P?T演化轨迹。由Ⅰ?阶段、Ⅱ?阶段至Ⅲ?阶段显示了近于等温增压进变质特征,并在 Ⅲ?阶段压力值最高达到P＝2.53 GPa; Ⅳ?阶段和Ⅴ?阶段则表现为增温降压退变过程,温度在 Ⅴ?阶段最高达到T＝627 ℃; 到Ⅵ?阶段则为降温降压过程。该过程暗示了高压板片在俯冲和折返过程中可能处于一个非匀速的状态。推测朱家冲榴辉岩后期增温退变的过程可能是源于受扰动的地温线恢复、超高压榴辉岩退变过程的“散热”以及该类榴辉岩对温度变化极为敏感所致。     

The Effect of the Stress Path on Squeezing Behavior in Tunneling

Summary  The interplay between support systems and the rock when tunneling under squeezing conditions is normally studied by means of two-dimensional analyses. The present paper shows that the underlying plane strain assumption involved in a two-dimensional analysis may lead, under certain conditions, to ground pressure and deformation values that are considerably lower than those produced by stress analyses that take into account spatial effects in the vicinity of the tunnel face. The differences are due to the stress path dependency in the elasto-plastic behavior of the ground and, more specifically, to the inability of the plane strain model to map the actual radial stress history, which involves a complete radial unloading (and, later, a re-loading) of the tunnel boundary over the unsupported span. This inherent weakness of any plane strain analysis is relevant from the design standpoint, particularly for heavily squeezing conditions that require a yielding support. For the majority of tunneling conditions and methods, however, involving as they do the completion of a stiff support within a few meters of the face, the errors introduced by the plane strain assumption are not important from a practical point of view.