福建紫金山矿田西南铜钼矿段蚀变矿化特征及SWIR勘查应用研究

西南铜钼矿段位于中国著名的福建上杭县紫金山矿田内,是该矿田最新发现的另一个典型的斑岩型矿床。该矿床形成于白垩纪,矿化(浸染状和细脉浸染状)与成矿同期花岗闪长斑岩密切相关。围岩蚀变由深到浅分别为青磐岩化带、绢英岩化带、高级泥化-泥化蚀变带和氧化带。蚀变矿化期次可划分为:(早期)绢英岩化期、斑岩矿化期、浅成低温热液叠加期、成矿后期脉和表生期。其中,斑岩矿化期又可分为钾硅酸盐化阶段、青磐岩化阶段和(晚期)绢英岩化阶段;浅成低温热液叠加期主要为泥化-高级泥化蚀变。对比研究发现,西南矿段具有与典型斑岩矿床相似的矿化蚀变特征,但缺失钾化带且矿化规模小,成矿斑岩以岩枝状(非岩株状)水平侵位,产生非对称蚀变分带,据此推测西南矿段深部可能存在真正的成矿斑岩岩株和大储量及高品位的矿化中心。通过短波红外光谱(SWIR)研究发现,从矿化中心到外围,伊利石结晶度值(IC)和伊利石2200 nm吸收峰位值(Pos2200)均有明显的从高值到低值的变化趋势。此外,研究发现高IC值(2.1)和高Pos2200值(2203 nm)可作为紫金山地区勘查该类矿床的找矿标志。本研究可以为紫金山地区斑岩矿床的成矿规律认识和找矿勘查提供科学依据。     

黏土矿物古气候意义研究的现状与展望

系统地分析了利用海洋沉积物、古土壤、湖盆沉积物中黏土矿物进行古气候环境研究的现状、存在问题和发展趋势。海洋沉积物的物源范围广,影响因素复杂,其中的碎屑黏土矿物所指示的古气候参数只能用于解释母源区的气候变化,而只有自生黏土矿物才能指示沉积区的气候;古土壤形成于特定的地质背景条件下,尤其是发育于火山物质母岩之上的风化自生黏土矿物,可以准确地指示该区的古气候条件;湖盆沉积物的物源范围小,沉积物中的黏土矿物可以更有效地运用于古气候环境的分析。对于沉积物中黏土矿物来源的分析,可以借助晶体中cv空位和tv空位的精细结构特征进行判断;在风化改造的红土剖面研究中,因强烈的化学风化、淋滤和迁移,黏土矿物方法具有独特的优势。风化过程中形成的一些亚种或过渡性黏土矿物,以及同生沉积过程中形成的黏土矿物,对气候环境的变化更加敏感,应加强这方面的研究。此外,在造山带的气候环境演化研究中,自生黏土矿物稳定同位素可以更可靠地指示气候环境的变化。     

新疆焉耆盆地油气运移方向综合地球化学分析

分析了新疆焉耆盆地侏罗系原油的物性、含氮化合物含量和储层自生伊利石的同位素年龄在纵向和横向上的变化规律,探讨了焉耆盆地侏罗系油气运移方向。由上述分析可知,该区原油密度、含氮化合物含量和自生伊利石K-Ar年龄在平面上和垂向上均呈现出规律性的变化,即:平面上自南而北这些参数逐渐降低,垂向上同一构造带内随埋深减小这些参数逐渐变小。由此表明焉耆盆地侏罗系油气运移方向在平面上是从南向北,即油气先充注宝南储层,然后依次注入宝中和宝北储层;在纵向上是从深层向浅层运移,从八道湾组向三工河组和西山窑组储层中运移聚集。     

吉林省中部黑土黏粒矿物的组成分析

为探讨玉米带黑土土壤退化的原因,通过X-射线衍射方法对吉林省中部玉米带黑土的黏粒矿物组成及分布进行了初步的研究,结果表明:黑土的黏粒矿物组成主要以2∶1型的蒙脱石及伊利石为主,二者总和达90%。伊利石在表层有增加的趋势,而蒙脱石向下则有增加的现象,此结果与黏粒的全量分析相一致。     

Microstructure characteristics of illite from Chuanlingou Formation of Changcheng System in Jixian County,Tianjin City

The microstructure charateristics of illite from the Chuanlinggou Formation of Changcheng System (Chch) in Jixian County, Tianjin City has been studied by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The Kübler index of "illite crystallinity" is 0.505°△2θ, which indicates that the host rock is in a middle diagenetic stage. The chemical analyses of EDS for illite studied indicate a heavily absent in interlayer cation and an average chemical formula of K0.57(Al1.80Mg0.42Fe2 0.12)∑=2.34 (Si2.92Al1.08)∑=4O10(OH)2. It is found, from one-dimensional lattice images, that the layers of illite not only stack in a flat way but also in a curving way. A "matting fabric" illite structure results from stacking faults. Combined with SAED analysis the illite studied can be affirmed as 1M illite. The two-dimensional lattice images are obtained from [100] and [110] incidences, whose lattice images have the same d-values but different intersecting angles. The two-dimensional lattice image with [100] incidence is orthogonal to each other, whilst that with [110] incidence is oblique. This paper provides some important structure information of authigenic clay minerals for the well-known mesoproterozoic section of Jixian County.     

一种不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物堆垛序列的研究——兼论具二维晶格一维准晶格的矿物的存在

研究不规则混层粘土矿物的结构主要包括两个方面:一是混层粘土矿物的基本结构单元层的种类及比例;二是构造单元层的连结概率。不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物(以下简称I/S)在自然界分布极为广泛。在研究二叠/三叠系(以下简称P/T)界线层粘土矿物时,发现从我国西北到东南很多地区,该界线粘土层中均发育有I/S。利用X射线、红外光谱、电子显微镜和化学分析方法对湖南、湖北、四川和浙江等地的这种I/S,进行了系统的矿物学研究,并对其构造单元层的堆垛序列进行了深入探索(做了MacEwan一维直接傅里叶变换),还发现在c轴方向上,伊利石晶层和蒙脱石晶层的堆垛,可用Fibooacci序列进行推导,由此作者提出了这种I/S具有二维晶格一维准晶格的设想。     

The illite 'crystallinity'technique: a critical appraisal of its precision

Analysis of the precision of the illite 'crystallinity'technique shows that machine errors are <5%, while intra- and inter-sample errors are variable but are up to 12% and 14%, respectively (1σ). Consideration of this error analysis shows that the isocryst approach, which involves close contouring (e.g. 0.03 Δ2°) of illite 'crystallinity'data, has a very low degree of confidence (<0.5) and thus is not regarded as statistically valid. If contouring is to be undertaken with a high degree of confidence (>0.8) it is necessary that contours should be at intervals of 0.1 ΔΘ2°, which is equivalent to subdivision of the anchizone into upper and lower units. Where previous interpretations have relied upon an isocryst method of contouring at less than 0.1 ΔΘ2° the conclusions must be regarded as unsubstantiated.
Centrifuge separation of clay fractions (based on a Stokes'law application) gives separations in which a significant, but variable, percentage of grains have long axes greater than the size calculated. For the typical <2-μm fraction utilized, some 20% of grains lie in the 2–4-μm range, although the proportion is not believed to have a significant effect upon 'crystallinity'values. The formula is applicable for grain-sizes down to 0.5 μm. Illite 'crystallinity'values on samples prepared by an ultrasonic disaggregation method show a small increase on those prepared by ball mill crushing. The differences are minimal at the epi/anchizone level but increase to some 10% at the anchizone/diagenetic level. The effect on grade determinations is again thought to be minimal and indicates that concern over unsuitability of the ultrasonic disaggregation method is unfounded.     

Isotopic Ages of the Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt and Their Geotectonic Implications

The Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt is the only remaining cover of the Archaean to Early Proterozoic crystalline basement in eastern Shandong. The ages of deposition of the Penglai Group and of its deformation and metamorphism have long been a subject of speculation. Whole-rock Rb-Sr ages, illite-whole-rock pair Rb-Sr ages and illite K-Ar ages recently obtained from the Penglai Group slates are reported and interpreted in this paper. On the basis of structural and metamorphic studies coupled with analyses of illite crystallinity, XRD and SEM , a whole-rock age of 473±32 Ma (Ordovician) is interpreted as the time of termination of burial metamorphism experienced by the Penglai Group. Therefore, the age of the Penghai Group is older than Ordovician. The first-phase folding and syntectonic low greenschist facies metamorphism in the Penglai Group, i.e. the Penglai Movement, took place before 299±4 Ma B.P., i.e in the Late Carboniferous. The Penglai Movement that occurred in the Jiaobei Belt on the south     

Copper-bearing clay minerals of the oxidized zone of the Rakha-Chapri Block,Singhbhum Copper Belt,India

In the oxidized zone of Rakha-Chapri Block of the Singhbhum Copper Belt, alteration of biotite, chlorite and muscovite extends down to ∼ 60 m. Below this level, these minerals are not altered, implying a supergene origin for the clay alteration products. The altered host-rock profile consists of an upper, predominantly kaolinitic zone and a lower illite-chlorite rich zone, with the clay minerals showing an overall tendency to decrease with depth. Kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral, the proportion of which varies considerably with depth, and chlorite, illite and halloysite are the other clay minerals of the oxidized zone. Incipient removal of copper even from the cap rocks, in-situ transformation of sulphides to oxidized compounds, and the unusual mode of occurrence of copper in the oxidized zone are the characteristic features of the Rakha-Chapri Block. Insufficient localized hydrolysis of silicates is considered responsible for relatively low acidity in the oxidized zone as a whole. Copper forms a component of the clay minerals probably as surface adsorbed or/lattice-bound ions.     

Sample preparation effects on illite crystallinity measurement: grain-size gradation and particle orientation

Abstract Specimen thickness is the main experimental factor controlling the results of illite crystallinity (IC) or crystallite size measurements on sedimentation slides. Different values obtained from thick and thin preparations are due to grain-size gradation effects, which may exclude larger and higher ordered grains from contributing to the diffraction. Orientation effects control the measured peak intensity. The change from poor particle orientation in thick slides to high orientation in very thin slides is marked by an increase in specimen density, diminishing non-basal reflections, and by a strong increase in peak intensity. A plateau with constant peak breadths is observed if thin slides of well ordered, platy illites are used. A similar plateau can be recognized for thick preparations of specimens from less ordered materials, but not from well ordered ones. Therefore, it is suggested that IC is determined on very thin sedimentation slides with a thickness of 0.25 mg/cm² or less. Ultrasonic and H₂O₂ treatments enhance the degree of particle orientation by destruction of grain aggregates and organic compounds, leading to smaller peak breadths and higher intensities.