花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床流体成矿机制研究进展

随着战略性新兴产业的快速发展,稀有金属等关键金属资源的地位日益不可或缺.花岗伟晶岩是最重要的稀有金属矿床成因类型,该类型矿床的成矿流体特征和成因机制是矿床学的热门研究话题.文章主要对花岗伟晶岩型矿床的成矿流体特征和成矿机制进行了探讨.花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床成矿流体普遍富集挥发分(B、P、F和H2 O)和成矿元素,具有...     

地球深部流体与油气生成及运移浅析

近年来的研究工作表明,流体不仅存在于地球表层及上地壳,而且也大量存在于地球深部(下地壳及地幔),其成分以H2O和CO2为主。由于特定的温度和压力条件,流体均呈超临界状态存在,它们是能量与物质的运移载体。由于其独特的性质,因而它们不仅参与了深部油气的无机生成,而且也对油气的富集及向上运移成藏起了重要作用。     

稀有气体同位素地球化学研究的某些进展

稀有气体的化学惰性使其在示踪成矿流体方面具有明显的优越性,其与碳、氢、氧、硫、锶、钕、铅同位素方法,以及卤素方法等结合使用,不但可以避免单一方法的片面性,还可以相互补充,相互印证,更好地示踪成矿流体的来源与演化,进而探讨矿床的成矿机制。本文归纳了近年来稀有气体同位素与其他同位素体系联合应用的研究进展,及其存在的问题和发展趋势。     

新疆阿勒泰乌拉斯沟铅锌铜矿床的富CO_2流体及其地质意义

乌拉斯沟铅锌铜矿床位于新疆阿尔泰南缘克兰火山–沉积盆地。本矿床分为铜、铅–锌两个矿化带,矿体赋存在下泥盆统康布铁堡组上亚组,容矿岩石为大理岩、绿泥石英片岩等。矿床内角砾状铅锌矿石反映了早期海相沉积成矿作用,矿床变形变质特征明显,其矿化石英脉可分为两个阶段:早阶段顺层石英脉和晚阶段切层硫化物石英脉。石英脉中流体包裹体分为富CO_2包裹体、碳质流体包裹体和部分水溶液包裹体,含子晶包裹体。显微测温结果显示,早阶段石英脉中富CO_2包裹体,CO_2相的三相点温度(Tm,CO_2)范围在–62.3~–58.5℃,CO_2笼合物熔化温度(Tm,clath)为0.5~7.5℃,部分均一温度(Th,CO_2)集中在5.0~21.0℃,均一温度(Th,total)集中在285~378℃,所计算的盐度变化于4.9%~15.1%Na Cleqv之间,密度为0.84~0.97 g/cm~3,最低捕获压力为260~360 MPa。晚阶段石英脉中,富CO_2包裹体的CO_2三相点的温度(Tm,CO_2)为–61.9~–56.9℃,T_(m,clath)为0.4~9.5℃,Th,CO_2为9.0~28.0℃,Th,total范围为242~389℃,盐度分布于1.0%~15.5%Na Cleqv之间,密度为0.55~0.98 g/cm~3,最低捕获压力范围为180~370 MPa。激光拉曼探针测试显示包裹体除含CO_2外,还含有不定量的CH4和N2。铜矿化石英脉的流体以富CO_2为特征,为中高温、低盐度、中低密度的H_2O-NaCl-CO_2±CH_4±N_2变质流体,与造山–变质成因有关。     

Origin of Ore-forming Fluids Responsible for Gold Mineralization of the Pongkor Au-Ag Deposit, West Java, Indonesia: Evidence from Mineralogic, Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry and Stable Isotope Study of the Ciurug–Cikoret Veins

The Pongkor gold–silver mine is situated at the northeastern flank of the Bayah dome, which is a product of volcanism in the Sunda–Banda Arc. The hydrothermal alteration minerals in the Ciurug–Cikoret area are typical of those formed from acid to near‐neutral pH thermal waters. On the surface, illite/smectite mixed layer mineral (I/Sm), smectite and kaolinite, and spotting illite, I/Sm and K‐feldspar alteration occur at the top of the mineralized zone. Silicification, K‐feldspar and I/Sm zones are commonly formed in the wall rock, and gradually grade outwards into a propylitic zone. The mineralization of precious metal ore zone is constrained by fluid temperatures between 180 and 220°C, and with low salinity (<0.2 wt% NaCl equivalent) and boiling condition. The minimum depth of vein formation below the paleo‐water table is approximately 90–130 m for the hydrostatic column. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data for quartz and calcite show relatively homogeneous fluid composition (?53 to ?68‰δD and ?5.7 to +0.3‰δ¹⁸O H₂O). There is no specific trend in the data with respect to the mineralization stages and elevation, which suggests that the ore‐forming fluids did not significantly change spatially during the vein formation. The stable isotope data indicate mixing between the hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water and interaction between the hydrothermal fluids and the host rock.     

The relationship of mantle-derived fluids to gold metallogenesis in the Jiaodong Peninsula: Evidence from D–O–C–S isotope systematics

The largest gold district in China is the Jiaodong Peninsula, where three types of gold deposits are recognized: quartz vein, fracture-altered and breccia types. The first two developed along a group of NE-trending faults and are hosted by granitic intrusions, dated at 160 to 150 Ma (biotite granite) and 130 to 126 Ma (granodiorite), and by metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian crystalline basement. The breccia-type gold system is mainly located around the northern margin of the Jiaolai Cretaceous basin, where mineralisation is controlled by both detachment fractures and NE-trending faults. This study is based on stable isotope determinations from ten gold deposits, including Linglong, Jiaojia, Sanshandao, Cangshang, Wang'ershan, Dayigezhuang, Denggezhuang, Pengjiakuang, Fayunkuang and Dazhuangzi, as well as the Linglong Jurassic biotite granite, Guojialing Cretaceous granodiorite and Archean gneiss. The stable isotope systematics reflect the style of the three types of gold deposits, but also show that they belong to the same metallogenic system, in which the hydrothermal fluids were derived from a mantle fluid reservoir and mixed with crustal fluids. The ore-forming age is later than both the Jurassic biotite granite and Cretaceous granodiotite, but overlaps with the 121 to 114 Ma ages of lamprophyre and diabase dykes. The hydrothermal fluids that were responsible for both gold mineralisation and the retrograde alteration of the diabase and lamprophyre dykes are similar, and represent a CO₂ and potassium-rich system. This fluid system is interpreted to be the consequence of Cretaceous lithospheric thinning, asthenospheric upwelling and mantle degassing in Eastern China.     

大陆地幔研究现状

本文主要介绍大陆地幔岩石圈的年龄、大陆地幔演化和地幔流体等三个近年来引人注目的问题。地幔捕虏体的年龄范围２００～３４００Ｍａ，一般认为它可以代表地幔的年龄。澳大利亚二辉橄榄岩捕虏体的Ｐｂ－ｐｂ年龄为２０００～２５００Ｍａ，南非Ｖｉｃｔｏｒ岩管的捕虏体为１７００～２４００Ｍａ。橄榄岩型金刚石的石榴石包裹体Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ年龄为３２００～３３００Ｍａ，榴辉岩型金刚石的年龄为１２００～１５００Ｍａ。这些数值可与橄榄岩及榴辉岩捕虏体的全岩年龄数据相对应。太古代岩石圈地幔以南非为代表，经历了从地壳物质提取的亏损过程到与软流圈反应和与深部热点物质作用的富集过程。以美国西部为代表的元古代岩石圈地幔则经历了元古－显生宙的俯冲作用、地体增生过程以及与热点反应的作用。以澳大利亚东部为代表的显生宙岩石圈地幔经历了元古代的部分熔融、显生宙的俯冲或与ＤＵＰＡＬ的反应以及具ＤＭＭ特征的软流圈的上隆。钾质熔体、碳酸盐熔体、Ｈ＿２、ＣＨ＿４、Ｎ＿２Ｏ、Ｎ、ＣＯ、ＣＯ＿２、Ｓ、Ｆ、Ｃｌ等都是地幔流体的主要组分，它们的类型与所处的深度和氧逸度有关。     

福建南平31号花岗伟晶岩脉中绿柱石的电子探针成分与成因

福建南平花岗伟晶岩是中国重要的稀有金属花岗伟晶岩之一,其中31号脉是分异程度最高、稀有金属成矿作用最重要的岩脉,绿柱石是其中最主要的铍矿物。利用电子探针和背散射电子成像技术对该岩脉中绿柱石进行了较系统分析。结果表明,南平31号花岗伟晶岩中绿柱石可分为原生绿柱石和晚期绿柱石。原生绿柱石形成于早期岩浆阶段,与造岩矿物石英、白云母、钠长石、锂辉石共生。晚期绿柱石与原生绿柱石密切伴生,是富铍流体沿原生绿柱石的边缘结晶而成,或热液沿原生绿柱石的解理、裂隙或孔隙度较大部位进行交代的产物。电子探针成分分析显示,南平31号花岗伟晶岩脉中原生绿柱石除含主要化学成分SiO2,Al2O3和BeO外还含Na,Cs,Fe,Mg等元素;FeO,MgO,Na2O和Cs2O的最高含量分别为0.28%,0.89%,1.36%和3.92%。总体上,从I带至IV带,原生绿柱石的FeO和MgO含量逐渐降低,Na2O和Cs2O的含量逐渐升高,尤其是Cs2O的含量变化较大。III—IV带中少量原生绿柱石分布于锂辉石中,具有富FeO和MgO的特征。晚期绿柱石的Cs2O含量较低,可能是由于铯沸石和南平石（铯云母）等铯矿物的结晶,导致晚期熔体-热液中相对贫铯,而热液流体与富铯绿柱石之间可能存在铯的化学再平衡。     

江西金山金矿成矿时代探讨——来自石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr年龄的证据

本文测定了金山金矿含金石英脉型矿石的石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr年龄,试图弄清金山金矿的成矿时代。结果显示,含金石英脉型矿体的形成年龄为379±49Ma,所得Sr同位素初始比(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7138±0.0011。根据笔者先前所测蚀变岩型矿体含金黄铁矿的黄铁矿Rb-Sr年龄及前人的定年工作,可以推测金山金矿的成矿作用是多期次的,并且在各期内部还有可能是多次脉动式成矿。但金山金矿主要的成矿时代是在晋宁期和海西期,其中晋宁期是蚀变岩型金矿体形成的主要时期,而海西期则是含金石英脉型金矿体形成的主要时期。石英流体包裹体所得的Sr同位素初始比,明显高于玄武岩的值(0.704),而比陆源硅酸盐的值(0.720)偏低,表明成矿物质为壳源物质,并有深源物质的混染。     

赤道太平洋潜流变化特征及其与异常海温东传

应用TOGA-TAO实测海流资料(ADCP)和SODA同化海流和海温资料,分析探讨了赤道太平洋潜流的季节和年际变化特征,以及与赤道异常暖水东传的内在联系.揭示了El Nino事件中异常暖水东传的物理机制.结果表明,赤道太平洋潜流具有明显的季节变化和年际变化特征.潜流的垂直最大深度可由海表层至300~400 m,其多年平均最大流速可达100 cm/s.潜流最大中心的纬向变化位置基本维持在160°W-130°W之间.在年际变化中,赤道潜流变化特征非常明显,尤其是在El Nino事件发生过程中,赤道潜流出现明显的加强现象.其最大流速可达140 cm/s以上.在西太平洋暖池区域次表层暖水东传之前,位于中东太平洋次表层的赤道潜流就已出现加强,其最大流速中心沿温跃层不断加强和东移,“引导”来自西太平洋暖池区域次表层的异常暖水向东传播.因此,可以认为西太平洋暖池区域异常暖水的东传与赤道潜流的强度和东传存在密切关系,也就是说在El Nino事件中,赤道潜流的变化是导致西太平洋暖池区域次表层异常暖水东传的重要机制.