西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床流体､成矿物质来源的地球化学约束

甲玛铜多金属矿是西藏冈底斯成矿带中东段勘查程度最高、成矿元素与矿体类型复杂的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床。前人在控岩-控矿构造、矿床地质、地球化学、矿床模型等方面已经完成了大量的研究工作,但对于矿床成矿机制研究方面尚存不足,特别是流体、成矿物质的来源方面欠缺系统的研究工作和对资料的全面梳理。文章在大量阅研和总结前人研究资料的基础上,以矿区16号勘探线作为典型剖面开展了氧同位素填图,同时对硫同位素进行了必要的样品补充采集。通过综合研究,有证据表明甲玛矿区深部隐伏斑岩体存在岩浆流体的出溶,在此基础上,氢、氧同位素组成表明矿化由早到晚演化过程中,流体由岩浆水向大气降水增加方向演化;同时,氧同位素填图以及流体包裹体平面均一温度分布确定成矿流体源位于矿区zk1616~zk3216一带。此外,S、Si同位素组成均表明了矿区成矿物质主要来源于成矿岩浆岩,而铅同位素的研究进一步说明成矿物质主要来源于冈底斯后碰撞环境下因地壳减薄、地幔上涌导致的壳幔混合作用。文章依据地球化学的研究成果,探讨矿床流体、成矿物质的来源,为甲玛矿床成因、成矿机制研究夯实基础。     

青藏高原中西部板块缝合带航磁特征

在青藏高原上发现的几条板块缝合带,均能见到以基性超基性岩为主的蛇绿岩分布,它们中的多数在青藏高原中西部1:100万航磁图上都有不同程度的反映,按其分布特征大致可分为3类,供鉴别缝合带参考。     

内蒙古中部大青山新地沟-卯独庆金矿床的构造-蚀变-成矿作用

新地沟和卯独庆金矿赋存于新太古界色尔腾山群柳树沟岩组中,是典型的与韧性一脆韧性剪切变形有关的绿岩型金矿。构造-蚀变岩石的主要类型有千糜岩化石英绢云片岩、千糜岩化绿泥绢云片岩、糜棱岩化绿泥石英片岩、绢云绿泥长英质糜棱片岩、长英质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩质构造片岩等。构造一蚀变岩石的岩石地球化学特征与中基性火山岩类似．其稀土元素总量∑REE（44．9×10^-6～155．4×10^-6）、LREE／HREE比值（7．0～26．1）、δEu（0．6～1．2）也显示了中基性火山原岩的特点。构造一蚀变一成矿流体的特征为富CO2的低盐度的较高密度的流体,具有造山型金矿的特点。前寒武纪绿岩带建造变质镁铁质火山岩分布的地区构造一蚀变作用强烈的地段是重要的找矿有利地区。     

岩性反演在煤层顶板砂体识别中的应用

EXB矿区主要目的层为一套泛滥平原河流相含煤碎屑岩沉积地层,煤层顶板岩性空间变化快,预测难度大。针对该问题,本文利用测井岩石物理分析建立煤、中砂岩、细砂岩和泥质砂岩的波阻抗频率直方图：煤的波阻抗值较小,主要范围3 000~6 300 m/s·（g/cm³）;中砂岩的波阻抗值域范围5 500~10 000 m/s·（g/cm³）;由于细砂岩和泥质砂岩性质接近,在波阻抗上无法区分,将两者合并处理,值域范围6 000~12 000 m/s·（g/cm³）。然后利用叠后地震反演计算波阻抗体,利用岩相与流体概率分析技术预测煤层顶板岩性的空间展布。结果表明,地震预测的岩性及其厚度的宏观变化趋势与钻井揭示结果基本一致,岩性平面厚度分布规律与沉积环境相符。     

The Itataia phosphate-uranium deposit (Ceará, Brazil) new petrographic,geochemistry and isotope studies

The Itataia phosphate-uranium deposit is located in Santa Quitéria, in central Ceará State, northeastern Brazil. Mineralization has occurred in different stages and involves quartz leaching (episyenitization), brecciation and microcrystalline phase formation of concretionary apatite. The last constitutes the main mineral of Itatiaia uranium ore, namely collophane. Collophanite ore occurs in massive bodies, lenses, breccia zones, veins or episyenite in marble layers, calc-silicate rocks and gneisses of the Itataia Group.There are two accepted theories on the origin of the earliest mineralization phase of Itataia ore: syngenetic (primary) – where the ore is derived from a continental source and then deposited in marine and coastal environments; and epigenetic (secondary) – whereby the fluids are of magmatic, metamorphic and meteoric origin. The characterization of pre- or post-deformational mineralization is controversial, since the features of the ore are interpreted as deformation.This investigation conducted isotopic studies and chemical analyses of minerals in marbles and calc-silicate rocks of the Alcantil and Barrigas Formations (Itataia Group), as well as petrographic and structural studies. Analysis of the thin sections shows at least three phosphate mineral phases associated with uranium mineralizaton: (1) A prismatic fluorapatite phase associated with chess-board albite, arfvedsonite and ferro-eckermannite; (2) a second fluorapatite phase with fibrous radial or colloform habits that replaces calcium carbonate in marble, especially along fractures, with minerals such as quartz, chlorite and zeolite also identified in calc-silicate rocks; and (3) an younger phosphate phase of botryoidal apatite (fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite) related with clay minerals and probably others calcium and aluminum phosphates. Detailed isotopic analysis carried out perpendicularly to the mineralized levels and veins in the marble revealed significant variation in isotopic ratios. Mineralized zones exhibit a decrease in δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O isotope values and a higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio toward the center of the vein. In conjunction with petrographic studies, these changes contesting the hypothesis of a sedimentary origin for uranium and suggest a radiogenic Sr input by alkaline to peralkaline fluids from fertile granites of the end of Brasiliano/Pan-African orogeny, located outside the deposit. The origin of the phosphorous is associated with phosphorite deposits in the same depositional environment of the neoproterozoic supracrustal quartz-pelite-carbonate sediments of the Itataia Group.Considering the studies conducted here and available geological data, three main mineralizing events can be identified in Itataia: (1) an initial high temperature event connected with a sodium metasomatism-related uranium episode, taking place in Borborema Province and its African counterpart; (2) a second lower temperature stage, consisting of a multiphase cataclastic/hydrothermal event limited to fault and paleokarst zones; and (3) a third and final event, developed in frankly oxidizing conditions. The last two involving mixing of hydrothermal and meteoric fluids.     

鉴别生物成因气体主要地化指标的再认识

最近,俄罗斯地球化学工作者在汇总近25年来美国、欧洲和独联体等国家同行利用碳、氢同位素鉴别烃流体成因的资料时,对原来认为油气藏中甲烷碳、氢同位素及其不同埋深之间的变化规律有了一个新的认识。即：甲烷碳同位素较轻（δ13C（CH4）=-60‰～-70‰）的甲烷,不仅在地下浅部生成,也可在深部（达-4．5km）由烃流体决生变化而成。同时,这些气体的氢同位素也很轻（δD（CH4）＜-200‰）。他们认为深部成因的烃类气体和烃流体的分布比原来预计的要广泛得多,相应地,以前利用同位素资料确定天然气成因,以及据此结果进行的含油气性预测评价,均应进行适当的修正和补充。     

用异常电位边界单元法做电测深资料地形改正

求解异常电位的边界单元法对电测深资料进行地形改正,应用效果明显。在异常电位法中将异常电位与正常电位相加,得总电位,用这种方法得到的总电位比直接求总电位的精度高得多。     

锶同位素地层学在碎屑岩成岩研究中的应用

基于同一地质历史时期海水的锶同位素组成为一定值的锶同位素地层学基本原理,可将锶同位素地层学用于碎屑岩成岩作用研究,以评价海相和非海相对成岩作用的影响.三个不同类型的研究实例说明:1)海相碎屑岩成岩流体的锶同位素组成的演化途径有较好的规律性,陆相影响随成岩作用的进行而增加,相对晚期的碳酸盐胶结物的87Sr/86Sr比值通常高于相对早期的碳酸盐胶结物,变化的本底值即为同期海水的锶同位素组成,该数值为一定值;2)有沉积期深源锶和非同期海相影响的陆相碎屑岩中,碳酸盐胶结物的锶同位素比值可能低于大陆淡水,但埋藏成岩过程中相对晚期的碳酸盐胶结物的87Sr/86Sr比值仍高于相对早期的碳酸盐胶结物;3)当深部流体影响碎屑岩的整个成岩过程时,深源锶的烙印可以抹掉或减少不同成岩阶段不同程度陆相影响造成的各种碳酸盐胶结物之间锶同位素组成的差别,使各种碳酸盐胶结物都具有很低的87Sr/86Sr比值,因而缺乏其它沉积盆地中常见的相对晚期碳酸盐胶结物87Sr/86Sr比值高于早期胶结物的一般模式。     

苏莫查干敖包超大型萤石矿床的稀土元素地球化学特征及其成因意义

苏莫查干敖包萤石矿床是位于内蒙古四子王旗北部的一个世界级单一萤石矿床,产出于早二叠世大石寨组火山-沉积岩与早白垩世卫境花岗岩体的外接触带上.萤石的成矿作用分为早、晚2期,早期的萤石主要是纹层状、条带状和细晶块状萤石,晚期的萤石主要呈伟晶状、混合伟晶状;而含硫化物的纹层状、细晶块状萤石含量少且分布局限.不同类型萤石的稀土元素配分模式可以分为3类:A类是早期萤石,其稀土元素配分模式表现为略呈轻稀土元素富集的特点,配分曲线近于平坦,没有Eu异常.B类萤石的稀土元素配分模式不具有普遍性,在其配分曲线中自Tb-Er呈现顶背式突起(roof-like),并具有明显的Eu正异常,主要为含硫化物的纹层状、细晶块状矿石;C类是晚期萤石,稀土元素配分模式表现为重稀土元素富集的特点,既有Eu正异常,又有Eu负异常.A类萤石的稀土元素配分模式代表了萤石成矿作用的早期热液活动的特征,稀土元素在成矿流体中主要以吸附作用存在和运移,成矿流体主要是岩浆来源的高温、高盐度流体,成矿流体与大石寨组流纹岩、流纹质凝灰岩和大理岩的水岩反应是导致萤石从成矿流体中沉淀的主要机制;C类萤石稀土元素配分模式反映了成矿流体经历了较为长期的演化和分异,稀土元素在流体中主要以络离子形式存在和运移,其成矿流体低温、低盐度,有大气降水的加入,指示该阶段萤石从热液中沉淀结晶的主要机制是2种不同端员流体的混合,即岩浆来源的高盐度、高温流体和以大气降水为主要来源的低温、低盐度流体的混合;B类萤石的稀土元素配分模式反映了一次高含硫化物的局部热液事件,在萤石的成矿作用中不具有普遍意义,稀土元素在流体中是以络离子形式存在和运移的.微量元素研究表明各期次萤石的微量元素变化相似,都具有高的Ni含量,指示成矿物质源区的一致性.在Tb/La-Tb/Ca图解中,所有样品都分布在热液萤石区域,指示矿床属于岩浆热液型矿床.     

The role of oxidation-reduction and C-H-O fluids in determining melting conditions and magma compositions in the upper mantle

High pressure experimental studies of the melting of lherzolitic upper mantle in the absence of carbon and hydrogen have shown that the lherzolite solidus has a positive dP/dT and that the percentage melting increases quite rapidly above the solidus. In contrast, the presence of carbon and hydrogen in the mantle results in a region of ‘incipient’ melting at temperatures below the C,H-free solidus. In this region the presence or absence of melt and the composition of the melt are dependent on the amount and nature of volatiles, particularly the CO₂, H₂O, and CH₄ contents of the potential C-H-O fluid. Under conditions of low (IW to IW + 1 log unit atP ∼ 20–35kb), fluids such as CH₄+H₂O and CH₄+H₂ inhibit melting, having a low solubility in silicate melts. Under these conditions, carbon and hydrogen are mobile elements in the upper mantle. At slightly higher oxygen fugacity (IW+2 log units,P∼20–35 kb) fluids in equilibrium with graphite or diamond in peridotite C-H-O are extremely water-rich. Carbon is thus not mobile in the mantle in this range and the melting and phase relations for the upper mantle lherzolite approximate closely to the peridotite-H₂O system. Pargasitic amphibole is stable to solidus temperatures in fertile lherzolite compositions and causes a distinctive peridotite solidus, the ‘dehydration solidus’, with a marked change in slope (a ‘back bend’) at 29–30kb due to instability of pargasite at high pressure. Intersections of geothermal gradients with the peridotite-H₂O solidi define the boundary between lithosphere (subsolidus) and asthenosphere (incipient melt region). This boundary is thus sensitive to changes in [affecting CH₄:H₂O:CO₂ ratios] and to the amount of H₂O and carbon (CO₂, CH₄) present. At higher conditions (IW + 3 log units), CO₂-rich fluids occur at low pressures but there is a marked depression of the solidus at 20–21 kb due to intersection with the carbonation reaction, producing the low temperature solidus for dolomite amphibole lherzolite (T∼925°C, 21 to >31kb). Melting of dolomite (or magnesite) amphibole lherzolite yields primary sodic dolomitic carbonatite melt with low H₂O content, in equilibrium with amphibole garnet lherzolite. The complexity of melting in peridotite-C-H-O provides possible explanations for a wide range of observations on lithosphere/asthenosphere relations, on mantle melt and fluid compositions, and on processes of mantle metasomatism and magma genesis in the upper mantle.