21世纪平流层温度变化和臭氧恢复

温室气体增加和可能的臭氧恢复将是影响21世纪平流层温度变化的两个主要因素。温室气体增加的辐射效应将导致平流层变冷,而臭氧恢复将导致平流层变暖。为探讨平流层温度在这两种相反因素作用下的变化趋势,研究中使用了观测的臭氧和温度资料以及4个有代表性的IPCC-AR4海气耦合的全球环流模式的模拟结果(GISS-ER、GFDL-CM20、NCAR-CC-SM3和UKMO-HadCM3)。观测分析结果表明,在近10年来臭氧柱含量和平流层低层温度均有升高的趋势,平流层中层温度仍然延续20世纪后20年的变冷趋势。IPCC-AR4的模拟结果表明,单纯温室气体增加将造成平流层变冷。可是,在同时考虑温室气体增加和臭氧层恢复的情况下,模拟结果表明平流层中上层仍将维持变冷的趋势,而下层则存在变暖的趋势,但几个模式给出的变暖趋势有差别。UKMO-HadCM3给出的模拟结果是在3种温室气体排放情况下平流层低层均呈现较强的变暖趋势,变暖的层次可达40hPa;GFDL-CM20和NCAR-CCSM3给出的变暖趋势较弱一些,并且变暖主要位于60hPa以下的层次。     

龙游大型古地下洞室群1～5号洞水文地质与工程地质条件研究

一个超浅埋大型古地下洞室群于1992年在浙江省龙游县被四个农民发现。该洞室群的发现引起了各方面专家和学者的广泛关注。但从发现至今已出现了多种破坏现象,如顶板脱落、洞间壁坍塌、柱子拉张或剪切破坏以及由于渗水导致的洞室围岩的干湿交替引发的风化现象等等。本文从工程地质调查入手,对龙游古地下洞室群的工程地质条件、水文地质条件等进行了分析,为下一步的保护工作提供地质基础。     

湖南省矿山生态环境污染防治现状及其恢复治理研究

简述了湖南省矿山生态环境污染破坏的现状,即矿业废水、废气、废渣污染,矿山开采以及由其引发的次生地质灾害对土地的占用和对植被的破坏等;介绍了湖南省短期(2003～2010年)和长期(2010～2015年)恢复治理的重点区域、重点工程以及实现矿山生态环境保护与恢复治理任务所需要的政策措施和技术措施.     

Economic Critical Resources for the Industrial Exploitation of Natural Gas Hydrate

Since the implementation of several pilot production tests were in natural gas hydrate (NGH) reservoirs in terrestrial and marine settings, the study of NGH has entered a new stage of technological development for industrial exploitation. Prior to the industrial exploitation of any given NGH reservoir, the economic feasibility should be examined. The first step of economic evaluation of a NGH reservoir is to know whether its resource amount meets the requirement for industrial exploitation. Unfortunately, few relevant studies have been conducted in this regard. In this study, the net present value (NPV) method is employed to estimate the economic critical resources required for the industrial exploitation of NGHs under different production scenarios. Sensitivity analysis is also performed in order to specify the effects of key factors, such as the number of production wells, gas price, technological improvement and tax incentive, on the economic critical resources. The results indicate that China requires the lowest economic critical resource for a NGH reservoir to be industrially exploited, ranging from 3.62 to 24.02 billion m3 methane. Changes in gas price and tax incentives also play significant roles in affecting the threshold and timeline for the industrial exploitation of NGH.     

地形特征约束下的失真DEM修复方法

数字高程模型（DEM）在描述地形时会存在一定程度的失真现象,对失真DEM进行修复可以有效地提高其精度及保真度。本文针对DEM在描述规则地形时存在的失真现象,提出了用地形特征约束失真DEM形态结构的失真修复方法,以规则地形中的平地结构地形为例,进行了失真修复试验。首先根据地形特征确定平地地形的DEM应为平面结构,再采用最小二乘法（LS）及随机抽样一致性算法（RANSAC）对其平面方程进行参数估计,进而得到修复的DEM数据。试验结果表明,本文所提的修复方法有效可行,修复后的DEM数据不仅提高了精度,还能充分地反映原地形的地形特征。两种修复算法的修复能力相接近,当存在大量格网点时,都能达到很好的修复效果,但RANSAC更能适应高程异常的情况,鲁棒性更好。     

Touristic disaster: Spectacle and recovery in Post-Katrina New Orleans

This paper develops the concept touristic disaster as a heuristic device to examine the conflictual and contradictory aspects of showcasing disaster-devastated neighborhoods as tourist attractions. Touristic disaster refers to the application of tourism modes of staging, visualization, and discourse to reenchant the money making deterrents (stigma) of “destruction” and “ruin” and re-signify disaster to indicate “recovery” and “rebirth.” This paper uses empirical examples from New Orleans to examine the transition from “disaster tourism” to “recovery tourism” in tourism framings of post-Katrina rebuilding. The concept of touristic disaster views disaster-devastated neighborhoods as sites and arenas of contestation in which opposing groups and interests battle to control representations of urban space. The paper illustrates the motivations, processes, and paradoxical impacts of the commodification and global representation of “disaster” and “recovery” and provides insights into the ways in which people can use spectacle to contest marginalization.     

Safety and CO2 emissions: Implications of using organic fluids in a ship’s waste heat recovery system

This paper considers the practical application of exhaust gas waste heat recovery from the main engines of merchant ships. A water-based Rankine Cycle is used as a baseline and this is compared with five organic Rankine cycle systems using benzene, heptane, hexamethyldisiloxane, toluene and R245fa. The thermodynamic model of the waste heat recovery system is described. This is then applied in a case study utilising an Aframax tanker. The case study allows the comparison of the different waste heat recovery systems in more realistic scenarios. The efficiency of the different systems is compared as well as their potential to reduce CO₂ emissions, ship impact, and economic viability are also discussed. The paper closes with consideration of the safety and regulatory issues associated with the use of organic fluids in the marine environment.     

analysis on modis satellite thermal infrared information before and after the jinggu ms6.6 earthquake

Continuous MODIS/Terra satellite thermal infrared remote sensing data of the Jinggu M_S6.6 earthquake area from July 2014 to January 2015 is collected, and after cloud-removing, the thermal infrared data between 5:00a.m.-7:00a.m. Beijing Time, which is the best period for observation, is selected to perform land surface temperature data retrieval and analyze the temporal evolution of land surface temperature anomalies before and after the earthquake, as well as the relationship between abnormal spatial distribution and active fault. The impacts of non-structural factors such as topography, landform and seasonal weather of the earthquake zone on land surface temperature anomalies are discussed. The result shows that: a)there was thermal infrared anomalous temperature increase appearing near the epicenter two months before the M_S6.6 Jinggu earthquake and there was a certain correspondence between the anomalous temperature increase and earthquake occurrence time. The significant temperature increase happened in the first half of the month, reached its peak 7 days before the earthquake, and dropped rapidly after the earthquake. At the same time, there was also anomalous temperature increase to a certain extent appearing about half month before the strong aftershocks of magnitude 5.8 and 5.9; b)Through the correlation analysis of non-structural factors such as topography, landform and seasonal weather of the earthquake zone, it is found that the structural "temperature increase" before the Jinggu M_S6.6 earthquake was the information indicating the anti-season change of temperature increase in the earthquake zone; c)The anomalous temperature increase was cross-developed from the epicenter along the NS-NE trending conjugate faults, which is consistent roughly with the NNE-SSW predominant direction of the maximum principal stress of the regional tectonic stress field. After full consideration of the influence of non-structural factors such as topography, landform and seasonal weather on the abnormal temperature increase, it is inferred that this thermal infrared temperature increase is possibly a short-imminent anomaly before the earthquake.     

Spectral mixture analysis to assess post-fire vegetation regeneration using Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery: Accounting for soil brightness variation

Post-fire vegetation cover is a crucial parameter in rangeland management. This study aims to assess the post-fire vegetation recovery 3 years after the large 2007 Peloponnese (Greece) wildfires. Post-fire recovery landscapes typically are mixed vegetation-substrate environments which makes spectral mixture analysis (SMA) a very effective tool to derive fractional vegetation cover maps. Using a combination of field and simulation techniques this study aimed to account for the impact of background brightness variability on SMA model performance. The field data consisted out of a spectral library of in situ measured reflectance signals of vegetation and substrate and 78 line transect plots. In addition, a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scene was employed in the study. A simple SMA, in which each constituting terrain feature is represented by its mean spectral signature, a multiple endmember SMA (MESMA) and a segmented SMA, which accounts for soil brightness variations by forcing the substrate endmember choice based on ancillary data (lithological map), were applied. In the study area two main spectrally different lithological units were present: relatively bright limestone and relatively dark flysch (sand-siltstone). Although the simple SMA model resulted in reasonable regression fits for the flysch and limestones subsets separately (coefficient of determination R² of respectively 0.67 and 0.72 between field and TM data), the performance of the regression model on the pooled dataset was considerably weaker (R² = 0.65). Moreover, the regression lines significantly diverged among the different subsets leading to systematic over-or underestimations of the vegetative fraction depending on the substrate type. MESMA did not solve the endmember variability issue. The MESMA model did not manage to select the proper substrate spectrum on a reliable basis due to the lack of shape differences between the flysch and limestone spectra,. The segmented SMA model which accounts for soil brightness variations minimized the variability problems. Compared to the simple SMA and MESMA models, the segmented SMA resulted in a higher overall correlation (R² = 0.70), its regression slope and intercept were more similar among the different substrate types and its resulting regression lines more closely resembled the expected one-one line. This paper demonstrates the improvement of a segmented approach in accounting for soil brightness variations in estimating vegetative cover using SMA. However, further research is required to evaluate the model's performance for other soil types, with other image data and at different post-fire timings.     

Assessment of pingo distribution and morphometry using an IfSAR derived digital surface model, western Arctic Coastal Plain, Northern Alaska

Pingos are circular to elongate ice-cored mounds that form by injection and freezing of pressurized water in near-surface permafrost. Here we use a digital surface model (DSM) derived from an airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) system to assess the distribution and morphometry of pingos within a 40,000 km² area on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. We have identified 1247 pingo forms in the study region, ranging in height from 2 to 21 m, with a mean height of 4.6 m. Pingos in this region are of hydrostatic origin, with 98% located within 995 drained lake basins, most of which are underlain by thick eolian sand deposits. The highest pingo density (0.18 km^− 2) occurs where streams have reworked these deposits. Morphometric analyses indicate that most pingos are small to medium in size (< 200 m diameter), gently to moderately sloping (< 30°), circular to slightly elongate (mean circularity index of 0.88), and of relatively low height (2 to 5 m). However, 57 pingos stand higher than 10 m, 26 have a maximum slope greater than 30°, and 42 are larger than 200 m in diameter. Comparison with a legacy pingo dataset based on 1950s stereo-pair photography indicates that 66 may have partially or completely collapsed over the last half-century. However, we mapped over 400 pingos not identified in the legacy dataset, and identified only three higher than 2 m to have formed between ca. 1955 and ca. 2005, indicating that caution should be taken when comparing contemporary and legacy datasets derived by different techniques. This comprehensive database of pingo location and morphometry based on an IfSAR DSM may prove useful for land and resource managers as well as aid in the identification of pingo-like features on Mars.