Quantifying the spatial distribution of sediment transport in an experimental gully system using the morphological method

Whilst time-series of sediment transport in gullies in both laboratory experimental and field settings can be determined through instrumentation, quantifying the spatial distribution of transport rates remains challenging. The morphological method, which was proposed for estimating bed-material transport in both one- and two-dimensions in rivers, provides an alternative. Here, we developed this method for gully systems. A laboratory catchment was used to simulate gully erosion. High-resolution topographical data were acquired by close-range digital photogrammetry. Morphological changes were determined using high-resolution topographic data and an associated level of detection. Based on measured morphological changes, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) sediment transport rates were calculated via cross-section by cross-section routing (1D) and cell by cell routing (2D). The 1D application provided a general trend of longitudinal variation of sediment transport for the whole gully system, increased gradually from zones of headward extension to a zone downstream where erosion and deposition were in balance, and sediment transport rates less variable in space. For the 2D application, hydrological and blended hydrological-hydraulic routing solutions were compared. We found that the level of negative transport was insensitive to whether or not a blended hydrological-hydraulic routing was used and that results from applying the hydrological routing throughout were not significantly degraded. We also found that consideration should be given to spatial and temporal resolution of the topographic data. The 2D application provided spatial patterns of sediment transport that vary with gully evolution. The main gully remained a high transport corridor but branch transport became more important through time. The framework we report provides an additional tool for both experimental and field quantification of the spatial patterns of sediment transport in gullies; and quantification of how these patterns change under different forcing factors.     

我国东部沿海油气勘探的新方向——多幕次叠合复式含油气盆地

以我国东部沿海中、新生代含油气盆地中的古潜山为窗口，分析了从震旦纪以来这里发育这一系列含油气原型盆地和烃源岩，形成了相互叠置的多幕次叠合复式含油气盆地和各种油气藏，这一认识将拓展东部沿海油气勘探的时空领域，是今后油气勘探的新方向。     

Soil particle size distribution and induced soil carbon transport by ephemeral gully erosion in Mediterranean mountain arable land

In Mediterranean mountain agroecosystems, soil erosion associated with the development of ephemeral gullies is a common environmental problem that contributes to a loss of nutrient-rich topsoil. Little is known about the influence of ephemeral gully erosion on particle size distribution and its effect on soil organic (SOC) and inorganic (SIC) carbon among different sized soil particles in agricultural soils. In this study, laboratory tests were conducted using velocity settling tube experiments to examine the effects of erosion on sediment particle size distributions from an incised ephemeral gully, associated with an extreme event (235 mm). We also consider subsequent deposition on an alluvial fan in order to assess the distribution of SOC and SIC concentrations and dissolved carbon before and after the extreme event. Soil fractionation was carried out on topsoil samples (5 cm) collected along an ephemeral gully in a cultivated field, located in the lower part of a Mediterranean mountain catchment. The results of this study showed that the sediment transported downstream by runoff plays a key role in the particle size distribution and transportability of soil particles and associated carbon distribution in carbonate rich soils. The eroding sediment is enriched in clay and silt-sized particles at upslope positions with higher SOC contents and gradually becomes coarser and enriched in SIC at the end of the ephemeral gully because the finest particles are washed-out of the study field. The extreme event was associated with an accumulation of dissolved organic carbon at the distal part of the depositional fan. Assessment of soil particle distribution using settling velocity experiments provides basic information for a better understanding of soil carbon dynamics in carbonate rich soils. Processes of soil and carbon transport and relationships between soil properties, erodibility and aggregate stability can be helpful in the development of more accurate soil erosion models. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PALEOSEISMIC EVENTS IN BANGUOBA TRENCH ALONG AKSAY SEGMENT OF THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT ZONE

As the boundary between the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau and the Tarim Basin, the active left-lateral strike-slip Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) is a first-order structure accommodating the ongoing continental collision between India and Asia and extends from northwestern Tibet to eastern Gansu Province with a whole length of ~1 600km. It is regarded as one of the most active fault in Euro-Asia block and has been segmented eleven rupture segments. This study utilizes the high-resolution image data (Google Earth) in combination with detailed field investigation on the Aksay segment of the ATF to scan the gully offset by Trimble VX, which suggests that the latest earthquake offset is 6~7m. Through trenching and radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples, paleoseismic events of this segment are analyzed. The trench has revealed many different deformed and dislocated strata, which display four paleoseismic events. Combined with the previous research and using the progressive constraining method, we constrained the paleoseismic events in this segment, and the results suggest that the penultimate and the most recent event occurred~1180a BP and 507~230a BP, respectively.     

郑和牵星图导航技术研究

《1421:中国发现世界》作者加文·孟希斯(Gavin Menzies)将中国的海洋文明推向15世纪初,这个历史命题令世界震惊,"郑和航海图"就是证据之一。"郑和航海图"记录了郑和舰队巡航南海,远航印度洋国家的探索过程。该地图发现于明《武备志》240卷,是一种传统的中国导航牵星图和针路图,充满了许多待解之谜。本文对郑和航海图中"更数"所代表的现代概念的距离和速度进行了研究,发现帆船航行"更数"的距离和速度在不同的地区存在差异;牵星图中的星座只能用来确定纬度坐标。将郑和航海图和现代地图做了实验对比,在进行大气折射校正后,郑和航海图的纬度坐标能够准确显示在现代Google地图中。在郑和航海图的许多航点上,我们可以在现代地图中准确找到带有明显中国特点的航海基地。     

黟县宏村古村落旅游形象设计研究

古村落是一种独特的旅游资源。该文分析安徽黟县宏村古村落的地理文脉、村落特性、聚落景观、市场感应等 ,提出了宏村古村落旅游形象定位理念 ,并就主题口号、视觉形象、行为形象进行设计 ,指出进行旅游开发、实施旅游形象设计工程 ,对古村落的开发与保护 ,实现古村落的可持续发展具有重要意义     

论扬子古陆东南边缘造山带形成时代

对扬子古陆东南缘浅变质岩层、花岗岩类、构造变形特征研究表明：“板溪杂岩”不是早古生代到三叠纪形成的；而是元古代前震旦纪形成的。由“板溪杂岩”组成的造山带不是中生代板块碰撞的产物，而是元古代华南地体向杨子地体俯冲一碰撞形成的造山带。在后来的地质时期受邻区造山事件的影响，对本区构造起了改造作用。     

3.50Ma BP以来河北衡水地区古植被与环境演化

依据河北衡水南张庄600 m深HS1钻孔中529块岩心样品的孢粉分析,结合古地磁、光释光测试建立的年代地层格架,初步建立了河北平原中部衡水地区3.50 Ma BP以来孢粉组合的更迭序列。在3.50~2.58 Ma BP期间,研究区沉积环境稳定,主要是极浅水泛滥平原与浅湖相沉积,孢粉不丰富,孢粉组合结构简单,反映降水、气温等变化幅度小,气候由温暖湿润逐渐过渡到冷干;2.58~0.78 Ma BP期间,植被出现频繁波动,我国东部古季风气候格局已经基本形成,表现出气候频繁变化的不稳定性,具有早期温和偏干、中期温暖湿润、晚期温凉偏干的气候演化特征;780~15 ka BP期间,孢粉带组成成分较为丰富且复杂,在不同时期乔木植物与草本-灌木植物互为消长、相互更迭,反映气候变化幅度大、频率高的特点;15 ka BP至今,气候总体表现为干,其波动频率较快,植被属森林和草原兼而有之的类型。     

基于遗传算法局部方向梯度的古墓葬圆形土壤标志检测

中国新疆北部古墓葬目标在Google Earth上显示为两大类:一类是斑点型,另一类是圆环型,两类的边界都比较模糊。自动提取这些古墓葬目标比较困难,针对这一问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法局部方向梯度的圆形检测算法。该方法采用局部方向梯度,并且基于计算边缘方向梯度的主分量实现,因此该方法能适用各种边缘特征,遗传算法的加入能够提高在圆形不连贯、多圆相交等情况下圆形自动检测的鲁棒性。本文选取新疆北部作为试验区域,结果表明本文方法与传统的基于霍夫变换的圆形检测算法相比,能适应多特征的圆形边缘,而且不用设定自动检测中的阈值,更加智能化,自动化。     

舟曲三眼峪"8.8"特大泥石流灾害特征与风险减缓对策

舟曲"8.8"特大泥石流是我国有历史记载以来造成损失最大的一次泥石流灾害,如实地记录这次灾害的特点、形成条件及致灾因素,分析其发展趋势并提出风险减缓措施,对指导灾后重建和今后的研究都是十分必要的.以舟曲"8.8"泥石流中的三眼峪为对象,从泥石流分区特征、堆积特征以及其特征值等方面描述了泥石流灾害特征;从地形地貌、固体物...