高喜马拉雅混合岩特征及其成因

混合岩是深熔作用的存在标志,对研究中下地壳深熔作用机制、地壳流变以及造山带演化和花岗岩的成因具有重要意义.文中对西藏林芝地区和聂拉木地区的混合岩进行了详细的岩相学、岩石学和地球化学特征的研究.岩相学特征显示,研究区的混合岩可划分为浅色体、中色体和暗色体3个基本组成部分.对三者切割分离,分别进行了主量元素和稀土元素的分析.结果表明:浅色体由迁移的熔体结晶形成;中色体可以是未发生熔融的原岩,也可以经由未发生迁移的熔体与熔融残留体反应形成;暗色体是由迁移汇集后的熔体与中色体反应形成.由于聚集的熔体可以为暗色矿物的结晶提供良好的结晶空间和物质来源,因此暗色体多数以窄条带产出于浅色体边缘.浅色体和暗色体通常具有岩浆岩的结构,矿物粒径粗大且分布不具有定向性,这是其区别于中色体的重要特征.浅色体显示出明显Eu正异常,暗示长石大量参与了部分熔融过程,并且初始熔体在近源区的冷凝过程中长石优先结晶.浅色花岗岩的Eu负异常可能与熔体在源区的长石结晶有关.退变质反应有可能使部分熔融反应形成的矿物完全消失,因此不宜将反应矿物存在与否作为发生过脱水熔融的判别标准.     

H2O content of deep-seated orogenic continental crust: the Ulten Zone,Italian Alps

To estimate the amount of H₂O stored at lower crustal levels after burial, we considered the pile of migmatitic paragneisses in the Variscan Ulten Zone as a case study area. We constructed a pseudosection in the system K₂O-Na₂O-CaO-FeO-MnO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂-H₂O for an average paragneiss, a relevant prograde PT path (8.5 kbar, 600°C; 11.5 kbar, 750°C; 14.0 kbar, 1000°C) and H₂O contents between 0 and 10 wt.%. Based on an assemblage of garnet?+?biotite?+?white mica?+?kyanite?+?20–30 vol.% former melt (now represented mainly by leucosomes composed of plagioclase?+?quartz), a bulk H₂O content of 3.2 ± 1.1 wt.% was estimated for a peak temperature ranging between 770 and 800°C. Before melting, somewhat less than 1.8 wt.% H₂O was stored in minerals. Thus, a considerable amount of H₂O must have either resided in pore spaces along grain boundaries or, much less likely, infiltrated the paragneisses from below. Evidently, significant quantities of H₂O as a free phase may be stored in buried sialic crust, resulting in considerable melting of deep-seated rocks during continent–continent collision.     

辽东硼矿区层状混合岩的地质地球化学 特征及其成因探讨

辽东硼矿区层状混合岩为含硼岩系的一个重要组成部分,与各种变粒岩和浅粒岩呈整合接触而呈层状展布,在岩性上有过度现象。岩石中交代结构发育;与变质围岩相比,混合岩的SiO2、K2O、Na2O等组分均明显增加,而Fe2O3+FeO、CaO、MgO、MnO等组分明显减少,K2O/Na2O变化较复杂,岩石化学成分的变化与交代作用有关;微量元素具有与围岩相似的特征,稀土元素含量高于围岩,稀土元素配分模式与变粒岩一致,具有典型的重熔特征。这些特征表明层状混合岩是变质围岩经选择重熔交代而形成的。     

Dynamic Mechanism of Migmatization in the Dabie Complex,Northeastern Hubei,China1

Abstract On the basis of the detailed field work, compositions and contents of plagioclase and K-feldspar, determination of ordering degree, statistical analysis of plagioclase elongation index, mass-balance calculation and mineral spatial distribution and geochemistry, it is concluded that the migmatites in the Dabie complex are characterized by the presence of thermocenters. There are regular changes in mineral character in the migmatites from the centers outwards. The dominant genetic mechanism is anatexis and metasomatism, whose intensities decrease from the centers outwards. Finally, according to the simulated experiment on Liesegang' s rings and non-linear dynamics (dissipative structure theory), the dynamic mechanism of migmatization is profoundly expouded as consisting of the early-stage metasomatism induced by the thermal anomaly, the cardinal-stage anatexis induced by the early-stage matasomatism and finally the last-stage post-anatexis metasomatism.     

Orthopyroxene-bearing, mafic migmatites at Cone Peak, California: evidence for the formation of migmatitic granulites by anatexis in an open system

Abstract Orthopyroxene-bearing migmatites, exposed at the summit of Cone Peak in the Santa Lucia Range, California, offer an opportunity to explore potential links between granulite facies metamorphism and migmatite formation. Geothermobarometry indicates that the metamorphic temperatures and pressures were in the approximate ranges of 700–750° C and 7.0–7.5 kbar. The rocks at the summit comprise three domains: relatively coarse-grained, leucocratic veins; relatively fine-grained, biotite-enriched zones at the margins of the veins; and a biotite–hornblende-bearing host rock. Orthopyroxene is concentrated in the veins, which have also the highest ratio of anhydrous to hydrous minerals of the three rock types. The composition of the veins, together with their textures and modes, suggest that they formed through anatexis involving a dehydration-melting reaction which consumed hornblende and produced orthopyroxene. Variability in mineralogy and composition indicates that there was some local migration of magma along the veins before their final solidification. The biotite-enriched zones formed either by the concentration of residual biotite at the margins of the vein, or through the metasomatic conversion of hornblende (and/or pyroxene) to biotite, or by a combination of the two processes. Significant differences in the chemistry of the neosome (vein + biotite-enriched zone) and the host rock rule out simple dehydration melting in a local closed system. The model that explains best the mineralogical and chemical patterns involves triggering of melting by an influx of a low- a _H2O mixed fluid which added K and Si to and removed Ca from the neosome.     

Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotope studies on migmatites from the Schwarzwald (Germany): constraints on isotopic resetting during Variscan high-temperature metamorphism

Mineral and isotope studies were undertaken on migmatites from the Schwarzwald, Moldanubian zone of the Variscan belt. The aims of the study were to date the migmatite formation and to determine the processes involved in migmatization in order to evaluate their influence on isotopic resetting. Textural evidence and the comparison of mineral compositions from leucosomes and mesosomes of two centimetre-scale migmatite profiles, respectively, suggest that migmatitic textures and mineral assemblages were formed by metamorphic segregation (deformation-enhanced mass transport) rather than by partial melting (anatexis). The results of Rb-Sr thin-slab dating on these profiles indicate that Sr isotopes were not completely reset during migmatization. No true isochron ages, but ages of approximate isotopic homogenization were obtained on the thin slabs by calculating ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios back to various stages in their evolution. The coincidence of these Rb-Sr data with U-Pb ages of monazites from migmatites and non-migmatitic gneisses shows that gneisses and migmatites were formed during the same high-temperature event in the Carboniferous (330-335 Ma). The observation that high-temperature metamorphism failed to equilibrate Sr isotopes on the centimetre-scale imposes limitations on the use of conventional whole-rock isochron techniques in dating migmatites.     

Tectonically controlled fluid flow and water-assisted melting in the middle crust: An example from the Central Alps

Melting triggered by influx of a free aqueous fluid in the continental crust has commonly been inferred, but the source of water in such contexts remains a matter of debate. We focus on the Tertiary migmatites in the Southern Steep Belt of the Central Alps (Switzerland) to discuss the petrology, structures and geodynamic setting of water-assisted melting. These migmatites comprise various structural types (e.g. metatexites, diatexites, melt in shear zones), which reflect variable leucosome fractions. The melting event itself as well as the variable melt fractions are related to the amount of aqueous fluids. At a given P and T, melt-fractions in rocks of minimum melt composition correlate with the amount of infiltrated aqueous fluids. In more granodioritic systems the water distributes between melt and newly crystallizing hydrous phases such as amphibole, such that the melt fraction correlates with the contents of H₂O, Al, and Ca in the system. Phase-equilibrium modelling indicates that the stabilization of amphibole leads to slightly lower melt fractions than in a granitic system at the same P, T and bulk water content. Phase-equilibrium models further indicate that in the Alpine migmatite belt: (1) several wt.% water (fluid:rock ratio of  1:30) are necessary to produce the inferred melt fraction; (2) the activity of H₂O in the fluid is high; and (3) spatially associated metapelites are unlikely as a source for the required aqueous fluids.

We present a tectonic scenario for the southern margin of the Central Alps, to which these migmatites are confined, and we propose that water was produced from dehydration reactions in metapelites in the Southern Alps. We model fluid production rates at the time of melting and demonstrate that the resulting fluid flow pattern is mainly controlled by the differences in permeability between the fluid source region and melting region. The proposed model requires strong gradients in temperature and permeability for the two tectonic blocks. This is consistent with the scenario involving indenter tectonics at the boundary between the Central and the Southern Alps in Oligocene times.     

Petrological and geochronological constraints on lower crust exhumation during Paleoproterozoic (Eburnean) orogeny,NW Ghana,West African Craton

New petrological and geochronological data are presented on high‐grade ortho‐ and paragneisses from northwestern Ghana, forming part of the Paleoproterozoic (2.25–2.00 Ga) West African Craton. The study area is located in the interference zone between N–S and NE–SW‐trending craton‐scale shear zones, formed during the Eburnean orogeny (2.15–2.00 Ga). High‐grade metamorphic domains are separated from low‐grade greenstone belts by high‐strain zones, including early thrusts, extensional detachments and late‐stage strike‐slip shear zones. Paragneisses sporadically preserve high‐pressure, low‐temperature (HP–LT) relicts, formed at the transition between the blueschist facies and the epidote–amphibolite sub‐facies (10.0–14.0 kbar, 520–600 °C), and represent a low (~15 °C km^?1) apparent geothermal gradient. Migmatites record metamorphic conditions at the amphibolite–granulite facies transition. They reveal a clockwise pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) path characterized by melting at pressures over 10.0 kbar, followed by decompression and heating to peak temperatures of 750 °C at 5.0–8.0 kbar, which fit a 30 °C km^?1 apparent geotherm. A regional amphibolite facies metamorphic overprint is recorded by rocks that followed a clockwise P–T–t path, characterized by peak metamorphic conditions of 7.0–10.0 kbar at 550–680 °C, which match a 20–25 °C km^?1 apparent geotherm. These P–T conditions were reached after prograde burial and heating for some rock units, and after decompression and heating for others. The timing of anatexis and of the amphibolite facies metamorphic overprint is constrained by in‐situ U–Pb dating of monazite crystallization at 2138 ± 7 and 2130 ± 7 Ma respectively. The new data set challenges the interpretation that metamorphic breaks in the West African Craton are due to diachronous Birimian ‘basins’ overlying a gneissic basement. It suggests that the lower crust was exhumed along reverse, normal and transcurrent shear zones and juxtaposed against shallow crustal slices during the Eburnean orogeny. The craton in NW Ghana is made of distinct fragments with contrasting tectono‐metamorphic histories. The range of metamorphic conditions and the sharp lateral metamorphic gradients are inconsistent with ‘hot orogeny’ models proposed for many Precambrian provinces. These findings shed new light on the geodynamic setting of craton assembly and stabilization in the Paleoproterozoic. It is suggested that the metamorphic record of the West African Craton is characteristic of Paleoproterozoic plate tectonics and illustrates a transition between Archean and Phanerozoic orogens.     

The timing of migmatization in the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield: Evidence for a juvenile sedimentary component in collision‐related batholiths

Collision‐related granitoid batholiths, like those of the Hercynian and Himalayan orogens, are mostly fed by magma derived from metasedimentary sources. However, in the late Neoproterozoic calcalkaline (CA) batholiths of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS), which constitutes the northern half of the East African orogen, any sedimentary contribution is obscured by the juvenile character of the crust and the scarcity of migmatites. Here, we use paired in situ LASS‐ICP‐MS measurements of U–Th–Pb isotope ratios and REE contents of monazite and xenotime and SHRIMP‐RG analyses of separated zircon to demonstrate direct linkage between migmatites and granites in the northernmost ANS. Our results indicate a single prolonged period of monazite growth at 640–600 Ma, in metapelites, migmatites and peraluminous granites of three metamorphic suites: Abu‐Barqa (SW Jordan), Roded (S Israel) and Taba–Nuweiba (Sinai, Egypt). The distribution of monazite dates and age zoning in single monazite grains in migmatites suggest that peak thermal conditions, involving partial melting, prevailed for c. 10 Ma, from 620 to 610 Ma. REE abundances in monazite are well correlated with age, recording garnet growth and garnet breakdown in association with the prograde and retrograde stages of the melting reactions, respectively. Xenotime dates cluster at 600–580 Ma, recording retrogression to greenschist facies conditions as garnet continued to destabilize. Phase equilibrium modelling and mineral thermobarometry yield P–T conditions of ~650–680°C and 5–7 kbar, consistent with either water‐fluxed or muscovite‐breakdown melting. The expected melt production is 8–10 vol.%, allowing a melt connectivity network to form leading to melt segregation and extraction. U–Pb ages of zircon rims from leucosomes indicate crystallization of melt at 610 ± 10 Ma, coinciding with the emplacement of a vast volume of CA granites throughout the northern ANS, which were previously considered post‐collisional. Similar monazite ages (c. 620 Ma) retrieved from the amphibolite facies Elat schist indicate that migmatites are the result of widespread regional rather than local contact metamorphism, representing the climax of the East African orogenesis.     

Equilibrium vs. disequilibrium melting relations in theHigher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) pelitic migmatites,Sikkim Himalaya

Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) complex of the Sikkim Himalaya predominantly consists of high-grade pelitic migmatites. In this study, reaction textures, mineral/bulk rare earth elements (REE), trace element partition coefficients and trace element zoning profiles in garnet are used to demonstrate a complex petrogenetic process during crustal anatexis. With the help of equilibrium REE and trace element partitioning model, it is shown that strong enrichment of Effective Bulk Composition (EBC) is responsible for the zoning in garnet in these rocks. The data strongly support disequilibrium element partitioning and suggest that the anatectic melts associated with mafic selvedges are likely produced by disequilibrium melting because of fast melt segregation process.