可持续发展研究态势析评

可持续发展已成为当今国际社会论坛的主题。本文通过历史回顾和现状分析,从可持续发展的概念、内涵、评价准则和指标,以及研究方法和社会实践方面,比较系统地分析了国内外有关可持续发展理论研究的成就和动向,以及存在的问题,并探讨了我国今后的研究重点和实践对策。     

大九湖钻孔记录的神农架地区中更新世晚期以来的气候环境变化

运用孢粉浓缩物AMS ¹⁴C测年和氨基酸测年方法结合气候地层对比,建立神农架地区大九湖盆地DJH-2 孔的地层年代序列。依据孢粉分析结果并结合沉积环境,将大九湖盆地中更新世晚期以来的植被演替和古气候演化划分为六个阶段：① 275.0-188.0 ka,寒冷偏干,寒温带针叶林、高山草甸;② 245.0-188.0 ka,暖湿偏干,常绿、落叶阔叶混交林;③ 188.0-129.0 ka,冷干,寒温带针叶林为主,过渡为高山草甸为主;④ 129.0-71.8 ka,暖湿,暖温带落叶阔叶林;⑤71.8-15 ka,冷干,寒温带针叶林与高山草甸间隔发育,中间有喜暖种属增多的迹象;⑥ 15.0-1.0 ka,暖湿,亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶林。孢粉组合特征及单种属特征所显示的盆地气候变化反映了良好的全球冰期、间冰期气候旋回。孢粉浓度特征反映大九湖盆地气候变化受北半球高纬冰量与低纬太阳辐射的双重控制。     

The knowledge–space dynamic in the UK bioeconomy

The loss of manufacturing employment to lower cost economies has meant that countries like the UK have sought to promote innovation in areas such as biotechnology. The emergence of the 'bioeconomy', however, has been highly uneven, with concentrations of activity in certain countries and particular regions in those countries. In the UK, for example, there are four major concentrations of the bioeconomy. Each of these concentrations exhibit distinct patterns of knowledge and spatial inputs into the innovation process, meaning that it is important to consider the knowledge–space dynamic in and of each region.     

近50年鄱阳湖流域径流变化特征研究

利用鄱阳湖流域1955-2003年3个主要水文站(外洲、李家渡、梅港)月径流实测资料,采用统计方法和小波方法,分析近50年该流域径流的年内、年际和周期变化特征.结果表明:鄱阳湖流域年内最大径流主要出现在4月、5月或6月;就季节变化而言,春季径流量最大,夏季次之,秋季和冬季较小.径流年际变化在开始较长时段呈增长趋势,1998年出现转折,之后递减,下降速度略低于前期增长速度.外洲等3水文站存在25～26 a的第一主周期,8 a和3～4 a的次主周期,周期变化基本一致.通过对相应影响因素的分析,发现该流域径流变化是气候、流域覆被和水利工程等多种因素共同作用的结果,而气候因素中的降水和蒸发起着主要作用.     

阿拉善高原荒漠植被组成分布特征及其环境解释:Ⅱ.C_4植物组成、分布特征与环境的关系

研究了阿拉善典型干旱荒漠植被区C4植物的组成特征、空间分布及其与环境因子的相关性。发现C4植物主要集中在藜科(Chenopodiaceae)和禾本科(Gramineae),生活型以一、二年生草本为主,占到70%以上;旱生和旱中生C4植物所占比例较大,达到48.89%,其区系成分以世界成分、亚洲中部成分和古地中海成分为主。C4植物分布特征表现出不同的规律性:在垂直地带分布上与温度呈正相关关系、与降雨呈负相关关系;在水平经度地带分布上主要与降水呈正相关关系,与温度无显著相关,尤其是在极端高温、干旱(主要是额济纳戈壁荒漠区)地区,C4植物的生存受到了限制。这一结果对于揭示阿拉善地区C4植物的水分利用效率,及其与降水资源的空间分布之间的关系提供了一定的理论解释。     

鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能空间辨识

根据千年生态系统评估提出的评估概念框架,考察鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能的形成机理,构建了鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能表征指标体系,并利用多主题1km栅格成分数据模型,采用主成分分析法提取了鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能综合表征指标。在此基础上,通过空间聚类分析,形成了鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能分区,实现了各分区单元上生态系统服务功能的空间辨识。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能包括了支持功能、供给功能、调节功能和文化功能,它们在空间上的排列组合形成了鄱阳湖湖区的10个生态系统服务功能分区,本文辨识了鄱阳湖湖区精细栅格水平上核心生态系统服务功能之间的差异及其空间分异特征。本研究提出的生态系统服务功能分区及其空间辨识方案,为鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能的开发与保育提供决策参考信息。     

珠海市耕地变化时空特征及其驱动力分析

在RS和GIS技术支持下,利用1990、1995、2000和2006年共4期Landsat TM卫星遥感数据,分析珠海市耕地数量和空间变化特征,并探讨耕地动态变化的驱动因子.结果表明:珠海市耕地面积在3个研究时段经历了"快速减少一缓慢增加一急剧减少"的变化过程,人均耕地面积持续减少;2000-2006年耕地的动态度最大,而1995-2000年耕地的动态度相对较小;耕地面积增加的主要来源是水域和林地,减少的去向主要是农业结构调整中耕地转变成水域和建设用地;经济发展、人口增加和农业结构调整是珠海市耕地变化的主导驱动因素,同时政策因素也起到了重要的导向作用.     

Deriving hillslope sediment budgets in wildfire-affected forests using fallout radionuclide tracers

Information on post-fire sediment and nutrient redistribution is required to underpin post-fire catchment management decisions. Fallout radionuclide budgets (²¹⁰Pb_xs, ¹³⁷Cs and ⁷Be) were derived to quantify soil redistribution and sediment yield in forested terrain following a moderately severe wildfire in a small (89 ha) water supply catchment in SE Australia. Application of these techniques in burnt terrain requires careful consideration of the partitioning of radionuclides between organic and mineral soil components. Beryllium-7 and ²¹⁰Pb_xs were shown to be closely associated with ash, litter and soil organic matter whereas ¹³⁷Cs was more closely associated with subsurface coarse mineral soil. Comparison of the three tracer budgets indicated that the dominant sediment source areas were ridgetops and steep valley sideslopes, from which burnt surface material was conveyed to the stream network via pre-existing gullies. Erosion was predominantly driven by sheetwash, enhanced by soil water repellency, and modified by bioturbation which both supplies subsurface sediment and provides sinks for erosive overland flow. Footslope and riparian zones were not important sediment source areas. The estimated event-based (wildfire and subsequent rainfall) sediment yield is 58 ± 25 t km^− 2, based on fallout ⁷Be measurements. The upper estimate of total particulate phosphorus yield (0.70 kg ha^− 1) is more than 10 times that at equivalent unburnt sites. This illustrates that, soon after fire, burnt eucalypt forest can produce nutrient loads similar to those of agricultural catchments. The tracer budgets indicate that wildfire is an important control on sediment and phosphorus inputs to the stream network over the decadal timeframe and the pulsed nature of this release is an important concern for water quality management.     

Reponses and sensitivities of maize phenology to climate change from 1981 to 2009 in Henan Province,China

With the global warming, crop phenological shifts in responses to climate change have become a hot research topic. Based on the long-term observed agro-meteorological phenological data (1981–2009) and meteorological data, we quantitatively analyzed temporal and spatial shifts in maize phenology and their sensitivities to key climate factors change using climate tendency rate and sensitivity analysis methods. Results indicated that the sowing date was significantly delayed and the delay tendency rate was 9.0 d·10a^-1. But the stages from emergence to maturity occurred earlier (0.1 d·10a^-1<θ<1.7 d·10a^-1, θ is the change slope of maize phenology). The length of vegetative period (VPL) (from emergence to tasseling) was shortened by 0.9 d·10a^-1, while the length of generative period (GPL) (from tasseling to maturity) was lengthened by 1.7 d·10a^-1. The growing season length (GSL) (from emergence to maturity) was lengthened by 0.4 d·10a^-1. Correlation analysis indicated that maize phenology was significantly correlated with average temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days (GDD) (p<0.01). Average temperature had significant negative correlation relationship, while precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days had significant positive correlations with maize phenology. Sensitivity analysis indicated that maize phenology showed different responses to variations in key climate factors, especially at different sites. The conclusions of this research could provide scientific supports for agricultural adaptation to climate change to address the global food security issue.