π型钢循环迈步支架在开采中厚煤层中的应用

在中厚煤层开采中,通过改进采煤工艺,采用“型钢循环迈步式支架代替高档炮采工作面常规的铰接顶梁支护工艺,在减少煤炭丢失的同时提高了资源回收率,也杜绝了老空区因丢失的煤炭自燃而引发的矿井火灾。     

Life Recovery of 1995 Kobe Earthquake Survivors in Nishinomiya City: A Total-Quality-Management-Based Assessment of Disadvantaged Populations

The main objectives of this study were (1) to examine what has beenrecovered and what has not yet been recovered in Nishinomiya City five years after the GreatHanshin-Awaji Earthquake, and (2) to find current service needs for the earthquake survivors,especially for the disadvantaged populations. Disadvantaged populations are minorities in society, andtheir needs and opinions are often ignored and not reflected in the services or mitigation policy,despite the fact that they are the ones who are affected most by various hazards. At the same time, becauseof their unique characteristics and positions in society, their needs differ from the majorityof the society. Six hundred eighty-six opinion cards were collected in nine grassroots workshopsessions with various disadvantaged groups in Nishinomiya City, such as the physically challenged,the visually impaired, the elderly living in public housing, junior and senior high school students,mothers with small children, and those who lost their own homes because of the earthquake. Theseopinion cards were sorted out and analyzed by using a TQM(Total Quality Management)-basedassessment method. Since the TQM-based assessment method allows bottom-up integration ofopinions from each individual, it helps us identify unique needs of the disadvantaged groupsand reflect their opinions in mitigation plan and policies. The main findings of this study include (1)the city redevelopment cannot be achieved without integrating the viewpoints of thedisadvantaged; (2) the social support was a key resource for both mental health and community development;and (3) disaster experiences and adaptation produced civic mindedness among people in a community.     

U.K.-U.S. WORKSHOP ON INTERFACING MICRO- AND MACRO-MODELS OF SPATIAL BEHAVIOR

Five semiarid Montana ghost towns abandoned for more than 45 years were studied to understand better the nature of soil and vegetation recovery following severe human impacts. Discriminant analysis was used to interpret and classify variation among land-use intensity groups. Recovery at the five towns was strongly linked to the degree of the initial soil disturbance, vegetation type, and precipitation. Recovery of the vegetation to ambient conditions was far from complete in all but one town.     

Constraints on the frequency–magnitude relation and maximum magnitudes in the UK from observed seismicity and glacio-isostatic recovery rates

Earthquake populations have recently been shown to have many similarities with critical-point phenomena, with fractal scaling of source sizes (energy or seismic moment) corresponding to the observed Gutenberg–Richter (G–R) frequency–magnitude law holding at low magnitudes. At high magnitudes, the form of the distribution depends on the seismic moment release rate M˙ and the maximum magnitude m _max . The G–R law requires a sharp truncation at an absolute maximum magnitude for finite M˙ . In contrast, the gamma distribution has an exponential tail which allows a soft or 'credible' maximum to be determined by negligible contribution to the total seismic moment release. Here we apply both distributions to seismic hazard in the mainland UK and its immediate continental shelf, constrained by a mixture of instrumental, historical and neotectonic data. Tectonic moment release rates for the seismogenic part of the lithosphere are calculated from a flexural-plate model for glacio-isostatic recovery, constrained by vertical deformation rates from tide-gauge and geomorphological data. Earthquake focal mechanisms in the UK show near-vertical strike-slip faulting, with implied directions of maximum compressive stress approximately in the NNW–SSE direction, consistent with the tectonic model. Maximum magnitudes are found to be in the range 6.3–7.5 for the G–R law, or 7.0–8.2 m _L for the gamma distribution, which compare with a maximum observed in the time period of interest of 6.1 m _L . The upper bounds are conservative estimates, based on 100 per cent seismic release of the observed vertical neotectonic deformation. Glacio-isostatic recovery is predominantly an elastic rather than a seismic process, so the true value of m _max is likely to be nearer the lower end of the quoted range.     

基于DEM的中国地形起伏度适宜计算尺度研究

基于SRTM和ASTER DEM数据,在全国范围内选取13个实验区,在渐变尺度下计算平均起伏度变化曲线的"突变点",据此确定中国地形起伏度的适宜计算尺度;结合山地界定标准计算各实验区山地面积,并采用人工解译的山地范围对计算结果进行检验。研究结果表明:1)地形起伏度适宜计算尺度与所采用的DEM数据有关,DEM分辨率越小,地形起伏度适宜计算尺度越大;2)针对同一分辨率DEM数据,中国境内的地形起伏度适宜计算尺度随地貌特征变化而变化,但总体变化幅度不大;3)针对SRTM和ASTER DEM两种常用数据源,分别选择4.72km2和3.20km2作为地形起伏度适宜计算尺度是合理的,山地界定精度达90%以上。     

镁-锌合金成分的容量法测定

通过控制不同的pH值,采用EDTA容量法测定了镁-锌合金成分。结合标准加入法,对合金样品进行了测定,实验结果证实测定方法准确可靠。     

基于变点分析的地形起伏度研究

探讨利用DEM数据分析地形起伏度的方法,以及针对不同比例尺的DEM数据分析地形起伏度时,寻求最佳统计单元的途径。结果表明,新疆局部地形起伏度较大,总体地形较平缓;地形起伏度随网格尺度的增大而增大,并且存在一种对数关系。基于1∶25万DEM数据提取地形起伏度时,2.56 km2是最佳统计单元。均值变点分析方法在确定最佳统计单元方面具有普适性。     

Changes of Soil Erosion and Possible Impacts from Ecosystem Recovery in the Three-River Headwaters Region,Qinghai, China from 2000 to 2015

Soil erosion poses a great threat to the sustainability of the ecological environment and the harmonious development of human well-being. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was used to quantify soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters region (TRH), Qinghai, China from 2000 to 2015. The possible effects of an ecosystem restoration project on soil erosion were explored against the background of climatic changes in the study area. The model was validated with on-ground observations and showed a satisfactory performance, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.62 from the linear regression between the estimations and observations. The soil erosion modulus in 2010-2015 increased 6.2%, but decreased 1.2% compared with those in the periods of 2000-2005 and 2005-2010, respectively. Based on the method of overlay analysis, the interannual change of the estimated soil erosion was dominated by climate (about 64%), specifically by precipitation, rather than by vegetation coverage (about 34%). Despite some uncertainties in the model and data, this study quantified the relative contribution of ecological restoration under global climatic change; meanwhile the complexity, labor-intensiveness and long-range character of ecological restoration projects have to be recognized. On-ground observations over the long-term, further parameterization, and data inputs with higher quality are necessary and essential for decreasing the uncertainties in the estimations.     

利用、振幅比资料测定澜沧—耿马震区中、小地震震源机制

本文采用P、S最大振幅比资料测定中、小地震震源机制参数的方法,测定了澜沧—耿马地震前后震区182个中、小震的震源机制参数。并将这些结果结合大震及强余震震源机制P波初动解,对大震前后震区应力场方向的时空调整变化,以及序列的震源错动性质等进行了分析和讨论。