草原化荒漠植被草本层片植物对人工施加氮素的响应

水分是干旱区生态过程的第一非生物限制因子,土壤氮由于直接影响着生物生产力和土壤生态过程而被认为是仅次于水分的限制因子。利用人工施加氮肥的控制试验研究了荒漠植被草本层片植物在多度、物种丰富度、高生长以及地上部分生物量等群落学特征对不同施肥处理的响应。结果表明,在施肥量分别为12.5、25、50 g·m-2时,样方植物多度和物种丰富度在施肥当年和第二年较对照均有不同程度的降低,且施肥量越高,降低越明显,这一结果支持来自典型草地和森林植被生物多样性对氮素增加或氮降沉增加响应的结论,即氮素的增加会使生物多样性减少。地上部分生物量对施氮肥的响应在施肥当年(年降水量为多年平均值的1.4倍)和第二年(年降水量为多年平均值的0.7倍)表现出相反的规律,即施肥当年随着施肥量的增加生物量显著增加,而在第二年则显著减小,说明水肥耦合同样有利于荒漠生态系统生物生产力的提高。氮素对植物高生长的影响不明显,各施肥梯度与对照相比均无显著性差异(P>0.05),这可能主要取决于荒漠草本植物本身固有的生物学特性。     

黄河口滨岸潮滩不同生境下翅碱蓬氮的累积与分配特征

2008年5～11月,采用定位研究方法对黄河口滨岸潮滩不同生境下翅碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)氮的累积与分配特征进行了研究。结果表明,中潮滩翅碱蓬(JP1)和低潮滩翅碱蓬(JP2)不同器官生物量均具有明显季节变化特征,总体表现为JP1高于JP2,二者枯落物量均呈递增变化;JP1、JP2根、茎和枯落物的全氮(TN)含量在生长季均呈递减变化,符合指数衰减模型,而叶的总氮(TN)含量波动变化明显;二者不同器官及枯落物的氮累积量和累积速率(VN)季节变化明显,JP1地上部分的氮累积量和VN一般明显高于JP2,且二者地上部分氮累积量和VN均明显高于地下;JP1、JP2不同部分的氮分配比差异明显,其中叶的分配比最高,分别为(46.91±16.97)%和(55.21±9.79)%,说明叶是翅碱蓬重要的氮累积器官;二者氮的年吸收量和最大现存量分别为5.29g/m2、2.63g/m2和13.76g/m2、3.19g/m2;二者氮的吸收系数(0.0145和0.0065)均较低,而利用系数表现为JP2(0.8243)>JP1(0.3844),JP1在氮的吸收方面要强于JP2,而在利用方面却低于JP2。JP1和JP2生物量、TN含...     

Kinetic Modelling of the Removal of Seven Common Pollutants in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands

The main removal mechanisms for the degradations of seven pollutants in wastewater treatment wetlands were analysed, and a mathematical model was established to quantify the removal of each pollutant, based on its main removal mechanisms. Subsurface horizontal flow wetlands were treated as a series of continuous stirred - tank reactors (CSTRs). Kinetic models for the removal of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, total nitrogen and faecal coliforms were established by combining Monod or first - order kinetics with CSTR assumptions. These tentative models account for a wide range of factors that affect wetland performance, but the models have not been proven by ex periment data. Depending on the derivation of various coefficients in the models and verification by actual performance data, this study may provide a starting point for an integrated pollutant removal model to be developed, and experimen tally verified, thereby making a step forward from the current greenbox' approach of wetland design.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus intake by phytoplankton in the Xiamen Bay

This paper describes a time series experiment examining the nitrogen and phosphorus intake of natural phytoplankton communities by a microcosms approach.Seawater samples containing natural phytoplankton communities were collected from waters around Baozhu Islet in inner Xiamen Bay and around Qingyu Islet in the outer bay.The goal was to elucidate the relationship between phytoplankton population enhancement,the biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the seawater,and the phytoplankton nitrogen an...     

The fluvial flux of particulate organic matter from the UK: the emission factor of soil erosion

Soil erosion has been identified as a potential global carbon sink since eroded organic matter is replaced at source and eroded material is readily buried. However, this argument has relied on poor estimates of the total fate of in‐transit particulates and could erroneously imply soil erosion could be encouraged to generate carbon stores. These previous estimates have not considered that organic matter can also be released to the atmosphere as a range of greenhouse gases, not only carbon dioxide (CO₂), but also the more powerful greenhouse gases methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). As soil carbon lost by erosion is only replaced by uptake of CO₂, this could represent a considerable imbalance in greenhouse gas warming potential, even if it is not significant in terms of overall carbon flux. This work therefore considers the flux of particulate organic matter through UK rivers with respect to both carbon fluxes and greenhouse gas emissions. The results show that, although emissions to the atmosphere are dominated by CO₂, there are also considerable fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O. The results suggest that soil erosion is a net source of greenhouse gases with median emission factors of 5.5, 4.4 and 0.3 tonnes CO_2eq/yr for one tonne of fluvial carbon, gross carbon erosion and gross soil erosion, respectively. This study concludes that gross soil erosion would therefore only be a net sink of both carbon and greenhouse gases if all the following criteria are met: the gross soil erosion rate were very low (<91 tonnes/km²/yr); the eroded carbon were completely replaced by new soil organic matter; and if less than half of the gross erosion made it into the stream network. By establishing the emission factor for soil erosion, it becomes possible to properly account for the benefits of good soil management in minimizing losses of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere as a by‐product of soil erosion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河冲积扇平原浅层地下水中氮循环对砷迁移富集的影响

黄河冲积扇平原浅层地下水砷含量超标情况严重,豫北平原的主体是黄河冲洪积扇平原.全面了解豫北平原浅层地下水氮循环驱动下砷的富集模式,对地下水资源的可持续利用和居民健康至关重要.本文采集豫北平原513组浅层地下水样品,采用原子荧光光谱法测定砷含量,原子吸收光谱和离子色谱等方法进行全分析及微量元素分析,对该地区高砷地下水的水...     

再力花/菖蒲生物湿地床去除河水中氮磷的试验

采用再力花和菖蒲构建湿地床,以考察其对污染河水的净化效果。6个月的连续试验表明:在水力负荷为0.24 m3/(m2.d)、植物种植密度大于158株/m2的条件下,2种植物存活率均大于93%,说明植物能适应低污染负荷、高种植密度的无土培养环境;再力花和菖蒲湿地床月均去除率分别为:总氮(TN),48.22%～78.53%和43.23%～72.42%;总磷(TP),77.62%～85.67%和58.07%～80.77%。再力花湿地床对TN、TP的净化效果好于菖蒲湿地床;2种植物吸收N、P含量分别占去除总量的比例:N为44.14%、37.75%,P为73.43%、62.05%。湿地床技术可有效去除来水中的TN、TP,通过植物吸收作用累积N、P含量较高,不同种类的植物构建湿地床对污染河水中N、P去除效果存在显著差异,且硝化反硝化和植物吸收是去除N的主要途径,而植物吸收是去除P的有效手段。     

太湖春季浮游植物群落对不同形态氮的吸收

为研究太湖春季浮游植物群落氮吸收特征及其与浮游植物群落结构和环境因子的关系,于2010年5月中旬采集太湖6个点位水样,利用15N稳定同位素示踪技术,测定太湖浮游植物群落对硝态氮,铵态氮和尿素的吸收,结果表明:太湖浮游植物群落对铵态氮的吸收速率均值最高,占几种氮总吸收量p(DN)的62.8%,各点位值在0.181 -1....     

江西鄱阳湖地区土壤酸化与人为源氮的关系

江西鄱阳湖地区是我国土壤酸化严重的地区之一,对比研究区多目标区域地球化学调查与第二次土壤普查资料发现,研究区土壤酸化趋势严重,强酸性土壤占研究区面积比例由58.22%上升到78.44%;赣江、抚河水系入湖区和饶河流域表层土壤酸化明显。研究区因施肥、大气干湿沉降和灌溉输入到农田的氮素分别为123.84 kg.hm-.2a-1、74.13 kg.hm-.2a-1、11.02 kg.hm-.2a-1。研究区因人为氮带入农田的H+为18.67 kmol.hm-.2a-1。化肥氮是引起土壤酸化的主控因素,氮沉降也是影响土壤酸化的主要因素之一。土壤pH与氮含量呈较差负相关,说明土壤中的有机氮对土壤酸化作用有限,增施有机肥和复合肥,适当减少氮肥,特别是铵态氮肥的比例,可以补充盐基物质的相对不足,达到缓解土壤酸化的作用。土壤pH与钙含量呈极显著正相关,适量增施含钙物质可以有效地防止表层土壤酸度降低。     

扎龙湿地芦苇沼泽对农田排水中氮、磷净化效果的模拟研究

农田排水已经成为扎龙湿地水环境污染的重要来源之一.采集扎龙湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽区土壤和植物样品,开展为期18天的室内模拟试验,以进水中氨氮(NH4+-N)含量为基准,设计了6组实验,研究芦苇沼泽对不同氮、磷含量农田排水中主要污染物的去除效果,及进水在沼泽中的不同停留时间对湿地去污效果...