Avoidance behaviour of freshwater fish and shrimp exposed to ammonia and low dissolved oxygen separately and in combination

Abstract

The responses of common smelt (Retropinna retropinna Richardson), inanga (Galaxias maculatus Jenyns), common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall), and shrimp (Paratya curvirostris Heller) to ammonia and low dissolved oxygen (DO), separately and in combination, were measured in a fluvarium. Only common smelt avoided high or low ammonia (c. 8.5 and 2.0 g m^?3 NH3, respectively) and low DO (c. 2 g m^?3) alone and in combination. Shrimp avoided high ammonia and low DO+ammonia but not low DO on its own. Inanga and bullies showed no significant negative response to either contaminant; rather, inanga were strongly attracted to low ammonia and bullies to low DO. These results parallel those from toxicity experiments that show common smelt and shrimp are usually among the most sensitive native species to various contaminants. The consistent and appropriate avoidance behaviour shown by common smelt, in particular, suggests this species would be a good indicator organism for assessing the health of lowland waterways.     

Nitrogenous Excretion of Penaeus monodon Postlarvae Fed with Different Diets

This study is designed to determine ammonia and nitrite excretion by Penaeus monodon 25–30 day old postlarvae fed with different diets (artificial and natural). Shrimps were fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans (phytoplankton), chironomid larvae (benthos), Brachionus sp. (rotifer) and artificial diet. In the control treatment, shrimps were not fed. The highest concentration of ammonia was excreted by shrimps fed with artificial diet and the lowest by that of control treatment. All treatments except where shrimps fed on C. calcitrans showed a sudden increase in ammonia-N excretion after 36 h. C. calcitrans contributed to high ammonia excretion only after 61 h. Shrimps fed with Brachionus sp. (rotifer) showed significantly higher nitrite excretion rate compared to other treatments. Shrimps fed on C. calcitrans depicted the lowest nitrite excretion. This experiment indicated that nitrogenous excretion was predominant in shrimps fed with artificial diets. Live food like algae and chironomids, despite a high protein content, contribute to low nitrogenous excretion and hence pose less adverse effects on water quality compared to artificial diets.     

温度及体重对娩鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

利用实验生态学方法研究了不同温度及体重对鲵鱼Miichthys miiuy幼鱼的呼吸、排泄的影响。结果表明，不同温度和体重对鲵鱼幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响（P〈0．05），耗氧率随温度的升高而增大并呈指数相关，相关方程为：Ro=0．168e^0.035 5T （R^2=0．96071）；鲵鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率随体重的增加而下降并呈幂函数相关，相关方程分别为：Ro=0．613 9W^-0.403 1（R^2=0．994 3），RN=25．055W^-0.287 7（R^2=0．9978）。O／N比也随着温度升高和体重增加而升高，不同温度下鲵鱼幼鱼平均O／N比值为21．963，呼吸Q10平均是1．415，排泄Q10平均是1．419；不同规格鲵鱼幼鱼平均O／N比值为21．855。10—30℃鲵鱼幼鱼主要以蛋白质为能源，脂肪和碳水化合物其次。随着温度的升高，鲵鱼幼鱼的蛋白质代谢比率降低，而脂肪和碳水化合物的代谢比率增大。     

EFFECTS OF REDUCED SALINITY ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND AMMONIA-N EXCRETION OF CHLAMYS FARRERI

INTRODUCTIONRespirationandexcretionaretwoimportantaspectsofbioenergetics.Themetabolicrateofbi valvesisinfluencedbyanumberofvariables,includingtemperature ,bodysize,oxygentension ,foodconcentration ,reproductivestate ,activitylevelandphysiologicalcondition .Theimpactsoftemperatureontherespirationandexcretionofscallopshadalreadybeenreportedindetail (BayneandNewell,1 983 ;MacDonald ,1 988;MackayandShumway,1 980 ;Shumway ,1 991 ;Yangetal.,1 998) ,whiletheeffectsofsalinityontherespirationan…     

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonium Excretion Rate of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus Juveniles

The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q₁₀(respiration) and Q₁₀(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q₁₀(respiration), Q₁₀(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.     

天然海水硝酸盐氮同位素组成的蒸馏法测定

建立了测定天然海水中硝酸盐氮同位素组成的蒸馏法,该方法主要是在碱性条件下利用戴氏合金将海水中的硝酸盐还原为氨,后利用稀盐酸吸收生产的氨,将得到的氨吸收液浓缩后干燥结晶,利用同位素比值质谱仪测定所得晶体的氮同位素组成。研究中开展了戴氏合金添加量及氨吸收溶液在不同条件下干燥结晶对氮同位素测值的影响研究。结果表明,戴氏合金添加量为3.0 g及60 ℃下直接干燥结晶为最佳的实验条件。所建立的氨蒸馏法氮空白值仅为(0.90±0.19) μmol,低于此前文献报道的氮空白值;氮同位素组成(δ15N)空白值为(-14.7±4.1)×10-3。运用所建立的氨蒸馏法实测得到的硝酸盐δ15N值与氨扩散法、硝酸盐直接测定法得到的数值非常吻合,进一步证明所建立氨蒸馏法的可靠性。改进后的氨蒸馏法适用于硝酸盐浓度在2~50 μmol/dm3内的天然海水硝酸盐氮同位素组成的测定,方法的标准偏差为±0.3×10-3。     

DYNAMIC CHANGES OF INORGANIC NITROGEN AND ASTAXANTHIN ACCUMULATION IN HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＯｖｅｒｔｈｅｐａｓｔｄｅｃａｄｅ ,Ｈａｅｍａｔｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｐｌｕｖｉａｌｉｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｏｆｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｂｅ ｃａｕｓｅｉｔｓｃｏｎｓｐｉｃｕｏｕｓｒｅｄｃｏｌｏｒｐｏｉｎｔｓｔｏｉｔｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙａｓａｈｏｐｅｆｕｌｒｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｖｅｂｉｏｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｏｆａｓｔａｘａｎ ｔｈｉｎ .Ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓ (ｓｕｃｈａｓｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｉｌｌｕｍｉｎａｔｉｏ…     

氨氮和亚硝酸盐对斜带石斑鱼苗的急性毒性效应

研究了水温(25±0.5)℃,盐度30~31,pH值7.9~8.1,溶解氧4.5~5.5 mg/L条件下氨氮和亚硝酸盐对不同规格斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)苗的急性毒性效应。试验结果表明,氨氮对平均全长4.4cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为5.62、3.50、2.93、2.68及0.27 mg/L,对应的非离子氨及安全质量浓度分别为0.23、0.14、0.12、0.11及0.011 mg/L;氨氮对平均全长10.5 cm斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为58.6、56.2、53.3、51.4及5.13 mg/L,对应的非离子氨及安全质量浓度分别为2.41、2.32、2.20、2.12及0.21 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对全长4.4 cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为288.4、281.8、270.4、267.3及26.7 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对全长10.5 cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为354.8、346.7、280.5、208.4及20.8 mg/L。     

污染河水中氨氮对浅层地下水的影响

氨氮是目前地表水和地下水的一个重要污染源.室内试验选用3种天然砂土作为渗透介质, 以生活污水模拟污染河水, 经过近1 0个月的土柱试验, 发现氨氮在粗砂中第1 7天达吸附饱和, 第1 8— 1 4 0天去除率小于1 0 %, 在中砂中第1 30—1 4 0天吸附饱和, 以后均发生解吸出水浓度大于进水浓度.野外实验凉水河的氨氮浓度为4 6.86mg/L和2 6.95mg/L时, 地下水的氨氮浓度均小于1.1 0mg/L, 表明凉水河对地下水的实际影响不如室内大, 原因是底泥、河床下部渗透介质的厚度和岩性以及河水渗漏量的影响.排污河还清试验表明, 排污河清淤、灌入清水后, 会很明显地把排污河下部渗透介质中的氨氮带到地下水中, 造成地下水的二次污染.      

浑河冲洪积扇中下游地下水中氮转化与水文地球化学特征的研究

浑河冲洪积扇部分区域的地下水水质检测结果表明,区域环境水文地球化学场与地下水中的氮转化关系密切,尤其是含水层的岩性组合和锰离子浓度场控制着地下水中氮的存在形式.铁离子对氮转化的影响相对较弱.在地下水呈弱酸性的条件下,其影响因素还包括耗氧量、氯离子和硫酸盐.总硬度和总固体与硝酸盐氮呈显著正相关,与氨氮未表现出相关关系.