牡蛎中氨基酸的傅里叶变换近红外光谱法快速定量测定

本文通过乘法散射校正(multiplicative scattering correction MSC)、一阶求导(1st Derivative,Db1)和Norris平滑等傅里叶变换近红外光谱定量分析数学模型,用交叉验证法确定了最优化建模参数,构建了牡蛎中氨基酸的快速定量测定方法。结果表明,牡蛎近红外光谱与氨基酸含量化学计量学拟合,线性相关系数为0.9860,交叉验证后线性相关系数为0.9794,对牡蛎样品进行检测,结果与传统的氨基酸分析仪的测试结果相比,相对误差小于2.5%,方法的精密度(RSD)小于1.0%,本文建立的傅里叶变换近红外光谱法定量分析牡蛎中氨基酸具有快速、准确、操作简便等特点,测定重复性优于氨基酸分析仪法。     

三种抑制剂对眼点拟微球藻的生长及脂肪酸组成的影响

研究了 DCMU、氟哒酮及亚油酸对眼点拟微球藻的生长、总脂含量及不饱和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明 :(1)当 DCMU的浓度在 0 .8μmol/ L以上时 ,眼点拟微球藻的生长抑制率达80 % ,其总脂占干重的百分含量减少了近 30 % ;在 1.0 μmol/ L 时 ,EPA占其总脂肪酸的相对百分含量增加了 10 8.6 1%。 (2 )当氟哒酮的浓度在 8.0μmol/ L以上时 ,眼点拟微球藻的生长抑制率为82 .9% ,其总脂占干重的百分含量下降了 2 1% ,而 EPA占其总脂肪酸的相对百分含量增加了6 0 %。(3)当亚油酸的最终浓度在 4 0 0 μmol/ L 以上时 ,眼点拟微球藻的抑制率达 6 4 %以上 ;大于30 0 μmol/ L、4 0 0 μmol/ L 时 ,EPA占其总脂的相对百分含量在 4 .77%以下 ;在 5 0 μmol/ L 以下时 ,EPA占其总脂肪酸的相对百分含量从对照组的 2 0 .96 %下降到 19.4 9%以下。结果表明 ,眼点拟微球藻在养殖中 ,当生物量增加到一定的程度时 ,可以用加入一定浓度的 DCMU或氟哒酮的方法来大幅度提高 EPA的含量。     

Growth Dynamics in Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile

Abstract. Amounts of photosynthate in the rhizomes, in photosynthetically inactive basal parts of the leaves and different old leaf blades were examined. Winter leaf growth was supported by mobilisation of starch in the rhizome. This winter growth enables Posidonia oceanica to utilize the increased energy influx in early spring via the substantial leaf area already developed and to approach highest productivity in spring. During summer and autumn considerable concentrations of soluble carbohydrates were found in the leaves and rhizomes. Starch was stored in the rhizomes in concentrations of up to 6.8 % of dry weight. Levels of nitrogen and free amino acids were correlated with growth rates. The percentage of total nitrogen present as free amino acid-nitrogen decreased from November (35 %) to summer (less than 1 %), by which time leaf growth had stopped. In contrast to this, amounts of organic anions were low in winter and spring and reached their maximum in summer.
Within a shoot, sites of leaf growth were characterized by high amounts of total nitrogen and free amino acids (innermost leaves), while carbon Fixation was highest in the leaves #2–#4. Particularly high concentrations of soluble carbohydrates were found midway along leaf blades.
It is evident that this unusual growth rhythm of Posidonia oceanica was only possible because of the ability to store considerable amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the rhizomes.
The results of this investigation demonstrate on the one hand that the chemical composition of the plant is strongly correlated with growth and production, and on the other hand that it is dependent on environmental factors, such as energy influx and temperature, which change with season.     

多棘海盘车幽门盲囊极性脂和脂肪酸组分的研究

对多棘海盘车（Ａｓｔｅｒｉａｓ ａｍｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ）幽门盲囊中总脂、极性脂及脂仿酸组分进行了研究。结果表明，总脂含量占湿重的７．８５％。磷脂中ＰＣ、ＰＥ、ＰＳ含量较高，ＰＩ和ＤＰＧ含量较低。主要的脂肪酸是１６：０，１８：０，１８：１（ｎ＝９），２０：１（ｎ＝９）。２０：１（ｎ＝７），２０：４（ｎ＝６），２０：５（ｎ＝３），２２：６（ｎ＝３），占总脂肪酸的７４％以上。其中以２０：１（ｎ＝９）最为丰富     

海洋桡足类氨基酸组成及与饵料和光照的关系

桡足类氨基酸含量受其饵料浮游植物的影响。同一种桡足类因采集地不同，氨基酸的总量也不相同；19种氨基酸重量百分比随不同桡足类而异，但是不同桡足类各种氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例除胱氨酸和牛磺酸的变化比较大以外，其它都基本相同；胱氨酸和牛磺酸的变化与总氨基酸不成正比。各海区不同植食性桡足类的氨基酸组成和海区浮游植物氨基酸的组成有着很好的相关性，相关系数R^2在0．85以上。桡足类胱氨酸占总氨基酸的比例与采样站海水1％光衰减深度有很好的相关关系，其回归方程为y=0．28091nx 0．131，R^2=0．6427，n=13；随海水1％光衰减深度的增加，胱氨酸的含量以对数形式递增。桡足类氨基酸与UV的关系有待进一步研究。     

黄河水中氨基酸对Cd(Ⅱ)与悬浮粒子相互作用等温线的影响

本文研究了黄河水中Ｃｄ＾２＋与悬浮粒子相互作用的等温线,以及精氨酸和酪氨酸对等温线的影响。得到的等温线具有一个“拐点”两个“平台”,属二级离子交换。用分级离子交换等温式求出吸附平稳常数Ｋ１和Ｋ２。当低浓度的氨基酸存在时,对Ｃｄ＾２＋与悬浮粒子的交换吸附起促进作用,促进作用的程度与近基酸的等电点有关,精氨酸的促进作用较酷氨酸大。     

海水和淡化养殖凡纳滨对虾的组织成分比较研究

对海水（盐度为28）和淡化（盐度为2）条件下养殖8周的凡纳滨对虾体营养成分蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、矿物质、氨基酸以及脂肪酸组成等进行了比较研究.2种盐度养殖的全虾粗蛋白与粗脂肪含量没有显著差异,但淡化养殖的全虾灰分含量显著降低.从2种盐度养殖的虾壳、肝胰腺、肌肉与血清等组织的矿物元素含量来看,淡化养殖对对虾的组织矿化程度造成一定的影响.淡化养殖的对虾血清蛋白含量下降,而肝胰腺指数却显著上升.2种盐度养殖的对虾肌肉氨基酸总量与脂肪酸总量没有显著差异,但淡化养殖的对虾肌肉必需氨基酸含量上升,而不饱和脂肪酸含量略微下降.结果表明,盐度对对虾各组织成分的影响是对虾对不同盐度的生境进行渗透调节与离子调控的适应性反应.     

Spatio-temporal changes in totally and enzymatically hydrolyzable amino acids of superficial sediments from three contrasted areas

Spatio-temporal changes in totally and enzymatically hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA and EHHA) and EHAA/THAA ratios of superficial sediments were assessed during 1997-1999 in three areas (i.e., the Gulf of Lions, the Bay of Biscay, and Central Chile) differing in their primary productivity. In all three areas, and even off Central Chile where a strong El Niño event took place during 1997-1998, spatial changes were always much greater than temporal ones. The factors affecting the spatial distributions of amino acid concentrations differed among areas. In the Gulf of Lions, sediment granulometry was apparently the most important driving force of THAA, EHAA, and EHAA/THAA, and there was no marked difference between stations located on the open slope and those in submarine canyons. Conversely, in the Bay of Biscay, there were clear differences between the stations located off Cap-Breton, on the open slope, and those in the Cap-Ferret canyon; the latter two featuring lower EHAA and THAA but higher EHAA/THAA. This pattern is likely to result from the predominance of different sources of organic matter and especially from the importance of continental inputs to the Cap-Breton canyon. Off Central Chile, amino acid concentrations and ratios were both maximal around 100 m depth, probably reflecting the interaction between the primary productivity gradient and the presence of an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) reducing the degradation of sedimentary organics. When comparing the average values collected in the three areas studied, THAA and EHAA were highest in Central Chile, intermediate in the Bay of Biscay and lowest in the Gulf of Lions. EHAA/THAA ratios were also highest in Central Chile but were lowest in the Bay of Biscay. Differences between the Gulf of Lions and the Bay of Biscay could have been affected by sampling design. In Central Chile, the use of labile organic carbon to total organic carbon (C-LOM/TOC) and EHAA/THAA as indices of organic matter lability led to very similar results. This was not the case in the Bay of Biscay. It is therefore argued that the use of C-LOM/TOC should be restricted to highly productive areas.     

华南沿海重要网箱养殖鱼类营养成分比较研究

对华南沿海重要养殖鱼类花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorhynchus cinctus)、卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)、黄鳍鲷(Sparus latus)、红笛鲷(Lutjanus sanguineus)、沙鲈(Psammoperca waigiensis)、紫红笛鲷(Lutjanus argentimaculatus)和美国红鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)7种海水鱼肌肉的主要营养成分蛋白质、脂肪、灰分及氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质组成等进行了比较研究。结果表明，这7种海水养殖鱼类蛋白质、脂肪、灰分及能量的差异较大，而肌肉中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量及其在氨基酸总量中所占的比率分别介于59．08％-78．38％、30．06％-40．43％和48．82％-53．38％之间。这7种海水养殖鱼类脂肪酸不饱和度在39．80％-54．50％之间，n-3系列不饷和脂肪酶尤其是EPA和DHA的含量较高．     

A comparison of non-hydrolytic methods for extracting amino acids and proteins from coastal marine sediments

Advances in analytical techniques now allow for the potential analysis of intact peptides and proteins isolated from marine sediments. However, there is no established technique for the extraction of macromolecular materials from marine sediments. Six different methods for extracting the amino acid component from coastal marine sediments were compared to the standard hot acid hydrolysis technique for their percent recovery and amino acid composition. The standard hot acid hydrolysis on dried, whole sediments released the greatest concentration of total amino acids (PS-THAA; 3.52 mg gdwt^− 1 ± 10% (SMD)), yet this only accounted for 22% of the total nitrogen in Puget Sound sediments (Washington, USA). Repeated hydrolysis of the same samples did not improve the recovery of nitrogen by more than an additional 10%. Base extraction (0.5 N NaOH) was the second best method for recovering amino acid nitrogen, releasing 60% of the Puget Sound total hydrolyzable amino acids (PS-THAA) (corresponding to 13% of the total sedimentary nitrogen), and has the advantage that it does not rely on peptide hydrolysis to free the nitrogenous component from the sediment matrix. The amino acid distribution of the 0.5 N NaOH extract was not significantly different than the initial THAA. Other non-hydrolyzing methods released lower yields of amino acids (Triton X-100 ≥ hot water > 50 mM NH₄HCO₃ > HF), but might prove to be of use to investigators interested in specific fractions of sedimentary organic nitrogen because these four methods had distinctly different amino acid compositions (enrichments in basic amino acids and depletions in acidic amino acids). Treatments with HF both before and after traditional hydrolysis and/or extractions with base did not release any more of the sedimentary nitrogen. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a large fraction of the sedimentary nitrogen (TN) is protected within an organic matrix.