人为因素导致的地面沉降

天然气、石油、地下水、地热热水和卤水等流体运移出地下储存地层时,地层耗尽了流体而产生压缩变形,这些变形传递到地表表面就形成了人为的地面沉降。在本文中:(1)列举了世界上主要的地面沉降区域;(2)论述了引发地面沉降的力学机制,这些可以量测的地面沉降发生在地下含水层体系、天然气气田和石油油田之上;(3)描述了目前可以用于地面沉降测量和岩石变形原位测试的技术手段;(4)简要介绍了几个地面沉降预测的数值模型;(5)说明了用于控制地面沉降发展和减轻相关环境影响的几种防治措施。     

面向2035年我国能源发展的思考与建议

富油煤作为一种集煤、油、气为一体的特殊非常规油气资源,通过原位热解可转化为高附加值焦油、可燃气及半焦固体燃料等,具有解决传统煤炭工业发展过程中绿色开发、清洁低碳利用难题的潜力。在减少煤炭开采污染、提高能效利用等方面,为碳达峰碳中和(“双碳”)目标的实现提供了新的解决方案,也为我国寻求油气资源战略依赖突围提供了重要路径参考。然而,目前国内富油煤地下原位热解的研究仅限于少数先导性试验研究,对于富油煤原位热解的地质环境影响研究与全生命周期地质保障技术探索亟待开展。

基于富油煤开发原位热解的地质环境扰动响应特征,重点探讨了富油煤原位热解对热解区岩体变质、覆岩损伤变形、地下水扰动、地表沉降及地表生态环境等方面的影响,总结了富油煤原位热解地质条件评价与过程监测主要内容和测试技术,梳理了富油煤原位热解地质保障面临的挑战。同时,结合理论研究、技术方法、感测装备、传感单元、数据解译、多源信息融合和工程实践等内容认识,提出了构建富油煤原位热解地质保障技术体系的思考。

分析认为,在富油煤原位热解的新型资源转化利用模式条件下,迫切需要研发与之相匹配的地质保障技术,制定完整的开发、设计、施工、评价方法和标准,以规范和引导富油煤热解技术的发展与应用。此外,还需要在充分挖掘和利用富油煤油气资源固有优势的基础上,积极推动富油煤清洁利用技术的研发创新、安全生产标准的提升以及生态环境保护的深度融合,为煤炭工业实现绿色转型和高效可持续发展提供全面的战略对策与保障。

     

A sand-production control system for gas production from clayey silt hydrate reservoirs

Sand production is a crucial problem during the process of extracting natural gas from hydrate reservoirs. To deal with sand-production problems systematically, a sand-production control system (SCS) is first proposed in this paper, specialized for pore-distributed clayey silt hydrate reservoirs. Secondly, a nodal system analysis method (NSAM) is applied to analyze the sand migration process during hydrate exploitation. The SCS is divided into three sub-systems, according to different sand migration mechanisms, and three key scientific problems and advances in SCS research in China Geological Survey are reviewed and analyzed. The maximum formation sanding rate, proper sand-control gravel size, and borehole blockage risk position were provided for clayey hydrate exploitation wells based on the SCS analysis. The SCS sub-systems are closely connected via bilateral coupling, and coordination of the subsystems is the basis of maintaining formation stability and prolonging the gas production cycle. Therefore, contradictory mitigation measures between sand production and operational systems should be considered preferentially. Some novel and efficient hydrate exploitation methods are needed to completely solve the contradictions caused by sand production.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

青海煤炭资源勘查开发的生态地质条件分析

本文基于对青海省内不同含煤盆地资源赋存地质规律的认识,结合赋煤构造单元划分和生态功能分区方案,将青海省划分为沙漠戈壁、草甸湿地、高原山地、冰川河源和高山河谷五大生态赋煤区,研究和分析了不同赋煤区的资源、生态和经济特征,提出研究资源勘查开发与生态环境保护、经济发展之间的关系,认为柴北缘沙漠戈壁生态赋煤区下一步资源勘查勘查开发的重点区域,祁连山草甸湿地生态赋煤区需在做好生态保护的前提下开展资源勘查开发,其他分区的资源均在资源、经济与生态方面不同时具备条件。     

Risks of shifting baselines highlighted by anecdotal accounts of New Zealand's snapper (Pagrus auratus) fishery

Anecdotal data sources may constitute an important component of the information available about an exploited species, as record keeping may not have occurred until after exploitation began. Here, we aimed to fill any gaps in the exploitative history of the sparid snapper (Pagrus auratus), using social and historical research methods. Social research consisted of interviews with recreational fishers, focusing on the most and largest snapper they had caught. In addition, the diary‐logs of two recreational fishers were analysed. Historical research consisted of investigation of old books, photos, archives and unpublished sources unconventional to fishery science. Interviews with fishers demonstrated no or weak trends in snapper abundance or size, and were likely impeded by a lack of ability to detect change in a fish stock that may still be considered abundant. The fishers’ perception of change, however, largely reflected recent experiences (last c. 10 years), when biomass is understood to have increased, and mostly did not consider experiences before the 1980s. Alternatively, diary‐logs of fisher catch rates produced a pattern that matched formal stock assessments of snapper biomass, suggesting declines in abundance up until the 1990s and an increase in biomass after that time. Historical research, although more qualitative, had the ability to investigate periods where formal records were not kept and described a fishery vastly different from the current one. Snapper were easily caught, in great abundance and in unusual locations. Localised depletion of snapper was first noticed in the early 20th century, despite spectacular catches of snapper occurring after that time. Snapper behaviour was also likely different, with visual sightings of snapper by onlookers a common occurrence. Although predictions from stock assessment models are consistent with that of the anecdotes listed here (i.e., high biomass in the past), these anecdotes are valuable as they explain lost biomass in a perspective meaningful to all. This perspective may be valuable for managers trying to consider the non‐financial value of a shared fishery but, if unrecognised, represents a shifting baseline.     

南海北部金线鱼最大可持续产量和总可捕量的研究

限额捕捞试点工作逐步展开,预示着我国海洋渔业管理进入全面有序的管理时代。文章根据2008—2017年南海北部渔港渔业生产抽样调查数据,统计出南海北部金线鱼的产量主要来自刺网,占累计总产量的72.90%。剩余产量模型分析认为南海北部金线鱼的最大可持续产量在168 632.99~31 0518.85 t,平均为251 765.59 t。2017年实施最严格的休渔制度后,当年的捕捞努力量投入和渔业产量均未超过最适值,当前总可捕量可设为158 515 t。文章研究结果可为该鱼种限额捕捞政策实施提供参考。     

1995—2017年福建省海岸线时空变化分析

利用遥感影像和GIS技术相结合获取福建省1995、2001、2010、2017年共4期海岸线的时空分布情况,并结合网格法计算各时期海岸线的分形维数,结合获取数据分析海岸线的时空变化特征、海岸线长度变化与分形维数变化之间的关系以及影响海岸线变化的原因.结果表明:1995—2017年福建省海岸线长度呈持续增加趋势,共增加3...     

亚热带沿海景观的旅游保护性开发及建设探讨--以福建沿海为例

依据地貌学和风景学的角度,福建沿海景观以闽江口和九龙江口为界可分为3个景观亚区,并具有多样性与复杂性、动态性与脆弱性和关联性与分异性等特征.本文运用景观生态的原理研究沿海景观的构成与格局,在沿海景观的分类和特征概括的基础上,探讨福建沿海景观旅游开发与建设的模式.通过维护沿海景观系统的稳定,优化沿海各景观亚区的分布格局,提高沿海景观的整体舒适性和挖掘文化景观的内涵等应对措施以实现福建沿海旅游的科学发展.     

锦州9-3油田海域环境现状及其评价

1 引言 石油,作为现代社会的主要能源,在全球经济迅速发展和人口激增的情况下,世界范围内的供求在不断增长,海洋石油勘探开发规模也在不断扩大.海洋油气开发已成为我国油气战略资源的主要来源之一.