http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000681

We present the disaster-forced biological evolution model as a general framework that includes Darwinian "phylogenic gradualism",Eldredge-Gould's "punctuated equilibrium",mass extinctions,and allopatric.parapatric,and sympatric speciation.It describes how reproductive isolation of organisms is established through global disasters due to supernova encounters and local disasters due to radioactive volcanic ash fall-outs by continental alkaline volcanism.Our new evolution model uniquely highlights three major factors of disaster-forced speciation:enhanced mutation rate by higher natural radiation level,smaller population size,and shrunken habitat size(i.e.,isolation among the individual populations).We developed a mathematical model describing speciation of a half-isolated group from a parental group,taking into account the population size(N_e),immigration rate(m),and mutation rate(μ).The model gives a quantitative estimate of the speciation,which is consistent with the observations of speciation speed.For example,the speciation takes at least 10~5 generations,if mutation rate is less than10~(-3) per generation per individual.This result is consistent with the previous studies,in which μ is assumed to be 10~(-3)-10~(-5).On the other hand,the speciation is much faster(less than 10~5 generations)for the case that μ is as large as 0.1 in parapatric conditions(m μ).Even a sympatric(m ~ 1) speciation can occur within 10~3 generations,if mutation rate is very high(μ~1 mutation per individual per generation),and if N_e 20-30.Such a high mutation rate is possible during global disasters due to supernova encounters and local disasters due to radioactive ash fall-outs.They raise natural radiation level by a factor of 100-1000.Such rapid speciation events can also contribute to macro-evolution during mass extinction events,such as observed during the Cambrian explosion of biodiversity.A similar rapid speciation(though in a much smaller scale) also has been undergoing in cichlid fishes and great African apes in the last several tens of thousand years in the current African rift valley,including the origin of humankind due to the radioactive ash fall-outs by continental alkaline volcanism.     

黄海冷水团海域浮游植物磷胁迫的季节变动

The Yellow Sea is located between the China Mainland and the Korean Peninsula, representing a typical shallow epicontinental sea. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass（YSCWM） is one of the most important physical features in the Yellow Sea. The characteristics of vertical profiles and seasonal variations of biogenic elements in the YSCWM may lead the variations of nutrient availability（e.g., phosphorus） and phosphorus stress of phytoplankton. In this study, the authors surveyed the seasonal variations of phytoplankton phosphorus stress with emphasis on the effect of the YSCWM during the four cruises in April and October 2006, March and August 2007. Using both bulk and single-cell alkaline phosphatase activity（APA） assays, this study evaluated phosphorus status of phytoplankton community, succession of phytoplankton community and ecophysiological responses of phytoplankton to phosphorus in the typical region of the YSCWM. With the occurrence of the YSCWM, especially the variations of concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus（DIP）, the results of bulk APA appeared corresponding seasonal variations. Along Transects A and B, the mean APA in August was the highest, and that in March was the lowest. According to the ELF-labeled assay＇s results, seasonal variations of the ELF-labeled percentages within dominant species indicated that diatoms were dominant in March, April and October, while dinoflagellates were dominant in August. During the four cruises, the ELF-labeled percentages of diatoms except Paralia sulcata showed that diatoms were not phosphorus deficient in April 2006 at all, but suffered from severe phosphorus stress in August 2007. In comparison, the ELF-labeled percentages of dinoflagellates were all above 50% during the four time series, which meant dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium and Scrippsiella, sustained perennial phosphorus stress.     

Tectonomagmatic origin of some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift, Nigeria

Petrological and geochemical studies on some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift indicate that they are basalts, basaltic and doleritic sills, trachybasalt and trachyte which generally belong to the alkali basalt series. The alkaline affinity is clearly evident in both their normative and modal mineral compositions, as well as their chemical compositions. The generally high fractionation indices [(La/Yb)N] are 7.06 to 17.65 for the basaltic rocks and 23.59 to 135. 35 for the trachytic ...     

Geology of Gold Ore Deposits in Western Linyi of Shandong Province,China

Western Linyi of Shandong Province is one of the most important gold ore mineralization concentration areas. Mesozoic gold ore deposits in this area can be subdivided into two types: magmatic hydrothermal and epithermal gold deposits. The occurrences of gold ore bodies are controlled by structures. Related subvolcanic rocks can be subdivided into high potassium calc-alkali series and alkaline series. These two types of subvolcanic rocks are of different geochemical features and different sources. The high potassium calc-alkali rocks are derived from enriched mantle and contribute to the formation of magmatic hydrothermal gold ore deposits including skarn gold-copper ore deposit and porphyry gold ore deposit. Alkaline rocks are derived from lower crust and they host epithermal gold deposits. Comprehensive studies show that there is no evolutionary or transitional relationship temporally and genetically between the epithermal gold deposit and the high temperature magma hydrothermal gold deposit in the western Linyi.     

西秦岭甘青交界一带晚三叠世火山岩岩石成因及构造指示意义

西秦岭甘肃、青海交界一带中生代火山岩较为发育,火山岩组成以安山质、流纹质为主,均为高钾钙碱性火山岩,主、微量元素含量变化较大。SiO2的质量分数为5667%～7817%,平均6978%, Al2O3含量较高(1277%～1729%,平均1464%)。TiO2含量少(002％～075%,平均022%),Na2O/K2O比值较小(003％～268%,平均065%)。轻稀土元素中等富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,稀土元素配分曲线明显右倾,具Eu负异常。安山质火山岩与流纹质火山岩稀土元素球粒陨石配分曲线中重稀土型式明显不同,暗示二者来自不同的源区。微量元素中P、Nb、Ti、Ta等高场强元素(HFS)相对亏损,Th、 Ba、K、Rb等大离子亲石元素相对富集。研究区安山岩LA ICP MS锆石U Pb同位素定年结果为(236±12)Ma,代表了火山岩的喷发年龄。它们形成于隆务峡蛇绿岩洋壳向南俯冲的活动大陆边缘弧环境,为俯冲洋壳在地幔深部发生高程度部分熔融作用的产物,并在上升过程中受到陆壳物质作用。在岩浆演化过程受部分熔融和分异结晶作用的控制,但安山质火山岩主要受控于分异结晶作用,而流纹质火山岩受部分熔融作用较大。     

Early‐Cretaceous Syenites and Granites in the Northeastern Tengchong Block,SW China: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

Whole-rock major and trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic data, together with zircon LA ICPMS in-situ U-Pb and Hf isotopic data of the syenites and granites in the Tengchong Block are reported in order to understand their petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Zircon U-Pb data gives the emplacement ages of ca. 115.3±0.9 Ma for syenites and 115.7±0.8 Ma for granites, respectively. The syenites are characterized by low SiO_2 content(62.01–63.03 wt%) and notably high Na_2O content(7.04–7.24 wt%) and Na_2O/K_2O ratios(2.02–2.10), low MgO, Fe_2O_3 T and TiO_2, enrichment of LILEs(large-ion lithophile element) such as Rb, Th, U, K, and Pb) and obvious depletion HFSE(high field strength element; e.g. Nb, Ta, P, and Ti) with clearly negative Eu anomalies(d Eu=0.53–0.56). They also display significant negative whole-rock εNd(t) values of-6.8 and zircon εHf(t) values(-9.11 to-0.27, but one is +5.30) and high initial ~(87) Sr/~(86) Sr=0.713013. Based on the data obtained in this study, we suggest that the ca. 115.3 Ma syenites were possibly derived from a sodium-rich continental crustal source, and the fractionation of some ferro-magnesian mineral and plagioclase might occur during the evolution of magma. The granites have high SiO_2 content(71.35–74.47 wt%), metaluminous to peraluminous, low Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr, and Al_2O_3/(MgO+FeOT+TiO_2) ratios and moderate(Al_2O_3+MgO+FeOT+TiO_2) content. They show low initial ~(87) Sr/~(86) Sr(0.703408 to 0.704241) and εNd(t) values(-3.8 to-3.5), plotted into the evolutionary trend between basalts and lower crust. Hence, we suggest that the granites were derived from the melting of mixing sources in the ancient continental crust involving some metabasaltic materials and predominated metasedimentary greywackes. Together with data in the literatures, we infer that the Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Tengchong block was dominated by magmas generated by the partial melting of ancient crustal material, which represent the products that associated to the closure of Bangong-Nujiang Meso-Tethys.     

北淮阳汞洞冲铅锌矿区石英正长斑岩成因

汞洞冲铅锌矿位于北淮阳构造带安徽段的西部,是大别造山带目前发现的最大铅锌矿。该矿床为典型的隐爆角砾岩型,成矿流体具有岩浆来源特征。野外地质调查显示隐爆作用与孙冲出露的石英正长斑岩有关。两个采自孙冲石英正长斑岩体样品的LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果分别为128.4±1.3 Ma和129.2±1.2Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。这些石英正长斑岩样品具有较高的SiO_2含量(62.04%~69.30%),富K_2O(4.54%~7.16%,K_2O/Na_2O=0.94~2.86),富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=8.76%~10.01%),铝碱比值(A/NK)在1.17~1.97之间,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)介于1.03~1.59之间,属过铝质岩石,富集Rb、Th、U、Pb等大离子亲石元素、亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti等高场强元素。岩石具有高度富集的Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素组成:全岩~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(t)介于0.71129~0.71323之间,ε_(Nd)(t)值介于-10.8~-9.8之间,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb(t)比值为17.495~17.891,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb(t)比值为15.526~15.593,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb(t)比值为38.257~38.547,绝大多数锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-17.1~-10.4。综合地球化学研究表明,该石英正长斑岩的岩浆源区类似于中、南大别片麻岩为代表的大别造山带三层地壳结构的上部,有少量的幔源物质贡献。华南板块广泛分布的古生代黑色岩系在印支期深俯冲过程中被剥蚀至北淮阳地壳深部,构成北淮阳成矿岩浆岩的理想源区。     

中国碱性杂岩的成因及其成矿作用

本文从碱性杂岩的产出和分布、地质特征、地球化学特征、成因、成矿作用几个方面综述了近年来对于我国碱性杂岩的研究成果与进展:(1)岩石学和同位素特征表明,硅不饱和的碱性杂岩类多属地幔低度部分熔融的原始岩浆为主侵位的产物;而硅饱和或过饱和碱性杂岩类多属深源岩浆与陆壳混染的产物。(2)地幔源区的低度部分熔融导致了稀土元素和大离子亲石元素等不相容元素的富集,同时富集的挥发份构成了矿化剂,对成矿具有重要控制作用。(3)深大断裂控制着碱性杂岩的产出,同时伴随着地质历史时期的重要地质事件,中国受深大断裂控制的碱性杂岩带主要有郯城-庐江碱性杂岩带、攀西碱性杂岩带和哀牢山-金沙江碱性杂岩带等9条。     

滇西来利山锡矿正长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

滇西来利山锡矿位于滇西锡成矿带的腾冲-梁河锡成矿亚带,地处三江构造带南段腾冲地块,怒江缝合带和密支那缝合带之间.锡矿体产于中石炭统丝光坪组断裂破碎带及与来利山复式岩体东南边缘的正长花岗岩接触带,成矿与正长花岗质岩浆活动关系密切.正长花岗岩SiO2含量76.00％～77.10％、Al2O3含量12.62％～13.50％、TFeO/MgO为9.79～72.50,具富硅、铝,铁高镁低的特征;铝饱和度(A/CNK)为1.02～1.32,K2O/Na2O为1.42～～2.26,里特曼指数(δ)1.40～2.29,属高钾钙碱性、过铝质花岗岩系列;岩石∑REE值为98.68×10-6～～191.89×10-6,强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.07～～0.10),铈异常不明显(δCe=0.63～0.99),LR/HR为0.19～0.69,(La/Yb)N为0.31～1.24,轻重稀土没有明显的分异性;P、Ti强烈亏损,Ba、K亏损,Zr、Th富集,La弱富集,为壳源S型同碰撞花岗岩;LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb法测定其成岩年龄为52.53±0.29 Ma(MSWD=1.8),是中始新世印度-欧亚大陆碰撞造山作用的产物,是在地壳强烈挤压、增厚,由上地壳泥质岩类在不饱和水条件下低程度部分熔融岩浆侵位冷凝形成.来利山锡矿的成矿物质主要来源于围岩及花岗岩,成矿流体以岩浆水为主,成矿时代与正长花岗岩成岩年龄一致,锡矿是该区在喜马拉雅早期印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞造山运动岩浆活动的成矿响应,表明该区在51.1～54 Ma至少存在一次与来利山正长花岗岩关系密切的锡成矿作用.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锆钛砂矿中铪钛锆

锆钛砂矿是一种极难消解的矿物,除氢氟酸外,几乎不溶于所有的酸,由于矿物中铪、钛、锆含量高,而铪、钛、锆又易水解形成难溶的偏铪酸、偏钛酸、偏锆酸析出,样品前处理给定量分析带来很大困难。传统的化学法繁琐费时,且只能进行锆(铪)合量的分析。本文建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定锆钛砂矿样品中铪、钛、锆的方法。通过筛选四种溶矿方法,确定在刚玉坩埚中用过氧化钠于700℃时熔融样品,硝酸-EDTA浸取盐分前处理矿物,利用EDTA的强络合性质可使铪、钛、锆形成稳定的可溶络合物,制备出有代表性的样品溶液;在ICP-AES分析中,采用Re作为内标和大的高频功率消除了基体效应的影响。方法的精密度(RSD,n=11)低于1.3%,Hf、Ti、Zr的检出限分别为0.97 μg/g、0.86 μg/g、0.33 μg/g。实际样品的测定值与化学分析方法和X射线荧光光谱法的测定结果基本吻合。。本方法采用刚玉坩埚熔矿,提高了样品处理数量,降低了分析成本,适用于难熔锆钛砂矿样品的快速定量分析。