Geochemistry of the Mt Wright Volcanics from the Wonominta Block,northwestern New South Wales

The Mt Wright Volcanics are located in the Wonominta Block of northwestern New South Wales. Detailed regional mapping has shown that the block is a composite tectonic unit and that the metavolcanic rocks described as the Mt Wright Volcanics may have been emplaced at different time from Late Proterozoic (northern section: Packsaddle, Nundora) to Early Cambrian (southern section: Mt Wright). Geochemical investigations, including major and trace elements, as well as analyses of relic clinopyroxene, show that the rocks have affinities with alkali basalt with light‐rare‐earth‐element‐enriched compositions. An intra‐plate extensional environment (such as rift‐ and/or plume‐related) is considered most likely for the formation of the rocks. Though metamorphosed to various degrees, the rocks apparently retain much of their primary Sr isotopic character (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr about 0.7032) and, apart from their age, resemble the Tertiary intraplate volcanism in eastern Australia. The Nd isotope analyses yield remarkably similar results between the two sections of the Mt Wright Volcanics, with ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd between 0.51260 to 0.51271 and _εNd(T) 4.7 ±0.4 (calculated to 525 Ma). A kaersutite‐bearing xenolith found in the northern section of the volcanic sequence has a Nd isotope composition more depleted than its hosts with _εNd(T) of 7.7. The isotope results suggest that the Mt Wright Volcanics were derived from a depleted mantle source without significant crustal contribution. It is proposed that the Mt Wright Volcanics possibly represent the products of a rifting event that led to the breakup of the Proterozoic supercontinent during Early Cambrian in eastern Australia.     

地幔交代作用：研究进展、问题及对策

有关地幔交代作用的研究始于７０年代早期。近２０年来研究工作的贡献是使人们对与地幔演化和不均一性有关的地幔交代作用特征和交代作用机制有了更多的了解，地幔交作用很复杂，它取决于交代作用发生的时间、构造环境、交代介质的种类以及与不同深度地幔内各种地质事件有关的流体的组成。进一步深入开发有关交代作用成因、机制及其与各种地质事件关系的研究，对于深入认识岩石圈地幔的演化和不均一特征具有十分重要的意义。对不同构     

钙铝—钙铁系列石榴子石的特征及其交代机理

本文作者在全国14个典型矿区的野外工作基础上，进行了超基性-酸性侵入岩与碳酸盐岩的接触交代实验;火山气热液与火山岩的相互交代实验;区域沉积变质和混合岩化过程中的交代作用实验。实验结果表明，在350-700℃和300×105-1400 ×lO5 Pa的温度、压力条件下，在lon fO2=-28.637- -16.514的氧逸度范围内，在pH= 4.0-11.0的含不同浓度Na、K卤化物的溶液中，形成了水榴石、水钙铝榴石、钙铝榴石、钙铁榴石以及水榴石-水钙铝榴石、水钙铝榴石-钙铝榴石和钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石的过渡性矿物。用显微镜、X射线衍射和红外光谱等分析方法，测定了它们的主要光学特征。最后，通过物理化学条件的分析，揭示了它们形成的交代机理。     

中国北方碱性岩型金矿床成因模型研究

碱性岩型金矿是80年代后期被发现和重视起来的一种新类型金矿。尽管与碱性岩有关的金矿找矿方面我国已取得突破性进展，许多学者也相继开展了矿床的地质、地球化学、同位素年代学等方面的研究。但在矿床与构造环境、构造与成矿物理化学条件及成因模型等方面不有待于深入研究。通过研究发现其模型可概括为地球运动使壳幔物质交换形成多期活动的碱性岩带和幔壳混源流体，超壳深大断裂的长期活动使得幔壳混源流体上升流动，该流体在上升运多过程中，由于物理化学条件的变化形成金矿床。     

Ca-rich Ilvaite-Epidote-Hydrogarnet Endoskarns: a Record of Late-Magmatic Fluid Influx into the Persodic Ilimaussaq Complex, South Greenland

Endoskarn assemblages involving the Ca-silicates ilvaite, epidoteand Ca-rich garnet occur along fracture zones in the persodicIlímaussaq intrusion, South Greenland. The 1·16Ga intrusion solidified at a depth of about 3–4 km, belowa cover of sandstones and pillow-basalts of the Eriksfjord Formation.In contrast to typical skarn assemblages, the Ilímaussaqendoskarns contain albite as a main phase and they did not formin metacarbonate rocks, as these are completely lacking in thevicinity of Ilímaussaq. Instead, they record late- topost-magmatic interaction of possibly external Ca-rich fluidswith the alkaline to agpaitic magmatic rocks. Accordingly, endoskarntextures clearly reflect the magmatic textures of the precursorrocks. Phase relations in two endoskarn varieties with epidote+ albite + andradite-rich garnet ± ilvaite ± retrogradeprehnite suggest their formation at about 500°C at highoxygen fugacities slightly above the hematite–magnetiteoxygen buffer [FMQ (fayalite–magnetite–quartz) +5 to FMQ + 7] with later small modifications as a result offluid influx or cooling of the original fluid at about 300–350°C(formation of prehnite) and at about 200–250°C (oxygenisotopic re-equilibration of the albite). One model for theformation of the observed assemblages is the decomposition ofCa-bearing minerals, such as primary eudialyte, clinopyroxeneor ternary feldspar, and redistribution of the Ca by a metasomatizinglate-magmatic fluid. Stable isotope (O, H) investigations, however,favour a model in which seawater was the metasomatizing fluid,which entered the Eriksfjord basalts above the intrusion, reactedwith them (spilitization) and brought about 10^–3 mol/lCa along fractures into the metasomatized rocks. Fluid–rockinteraction in the Eriksfjord basalts is documented by abundantchlorite–epidote–quartz assemblages; high fluid/rockratios allowed the fluid to retain its seawater oxygen isotopecomposition. KEY WORDS: agpaite; endoskarn; Ilímaussaq; ilvaite; metasomatism; seawater     

碳酸盐岩风化成土过程中REE超常富集及Ce强烈亏损的地球化学机理

碳酸盐岩的REE含量极低，但最近在贵州一些碳酸盐岩风化表土层底部首次发现了REE的超常富集层，REE总量最高可达近31000μg/g;Ce强烈亏损，δCe值最低达0.007。这种低背景、高富集、强分异的REE富集现象在贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳中具有一定的普遍性。选取发育在下三叠统花溪灰岩和平坝白云岩之上的两个较具代表性的碳酸盐岩风化壳进行研究，结果表明，这种富集现象与碳酸盐岩风化成土的两阶段性密切相关。（1）在残积土形成阶段（风化早期），碳酸盐的快速溶解导致风化前缘形成一个垂直方向相对狭窄、突变的碱性障(pH值为8左右）。此障既能有效地将碳酸盐岩分解释放的REE以及下渗水携带的REE分解沉淀和以吸附于粘土矿物上的方式富集，也容易使Ce^3 氧化成Ce^4 ，与HCO3^-形成稳定的可溶性络合物随下渗雨水流走，从而使Ce进一步亏损。（2）残积土演化阶段，轻、重稀土发生明显分异，Ce^3 氧化成Ce^4 并发生水解沉淀，致使下渗水富重稀土而贫Ce，最终使REE在剖面上显示出一般风化壳共有的分异特征。另外，根据对碳酸盐岩中的酸不溶物、可溶性稀土的提取以及质量平衡计算，碳酸盐岩能够提供足够的REE物源；以可溶态为主的赋存状态有利于REE的淋滤（活化）。     

Role of chemical processes on shear zone formation: an example from the Grimsel metagranodiorite (Aar massif,Central Alps)

Alpine deformation in the Grimsel granodiorite (Aar massif, Central Alps) at greenschist facies conditions (6.5 ± 1 kbar for 450°C ± 25°C) is characterized by the development of a network of centimetre to decametre localized shear zones that surround lenses of undeformed granodiorite. Localization of deformation is assumed to be the result of a first stage of extreme localization on brittle precursors (nucleation stage) followed by a transition to ductile deformation and lateral propagation into the weakly deformed granodiorite (widening stage). A paradox of this model is that the development of the ductile shear zone is accompanied by the crystallization of large amounts of phyllosilicates (white mica and chlorite) that maintains a weak rheology in the localized shear zone relative to the host rock so that deformation is localized and prevents shear zone widening. We suggest that chemical processes, and more particularly, the metamorphic reactions and metasomatism occurring during re‐equilibration of the metastable magmatic assemblage induced shear zone widening at these P–T–X conditions. These processes (reactions and mass transfer) were driven by the chemical potential gradients that developed between the thermodynamically metastable magmatic assemblage at the edge of the shear zone and the stable white mica and chlorite rich ultramylonite formed during the first stage of shear zone due to localized fluid infiltration metasomatism. P–T and chemical potential projections and sections show that the process of equilibration of the wall rocks (μ–μ path) occurs via the reactions: kf + cz + ab + bio + MgO + H₂O = mu + q + CaO + Na₂O and cz + ab + bio + MgO + H₂O = chl + mu + q + CaO + Na₂O. Computed phase diagram and mass balance calculations predict that these reactions induce relative losses of CaO and Na₂O of ～100% and ～40% respectively, coupled with hydration and a gain of ～140% for MgO. Intermediate rocks within the strain gradient (ultramylonite, mylonite and orthogneiss) reflect various degrees of re‐equilibration and metasomatism. The softening reaction involved may have reduced the strength at the edge of the shear zone and therefore promoted shear zone widening. Chemical potential phase diagram sections also indicate that the re‐equilibration process has a strong influence on equilibrium mineral compositions. For instance, the decrease in Si‐content of phengite from 3.29 to 3.14 p.f.u, when white mica is in equilibrium with the chlorite‐bearing assemblage, may be misinterpreted as the result of decompression during shear zone development while it is due only to syn‐deformation metasomatism at the peak metamorphic condition. The results of this study suggest that it is critical to consider chemical processes in the formation of shear zones particularly when deformation affects metastable assemblages and mass transfer are involved.     

东昆仑造山带中灶火地区早中生代镁铁质岩墙群的成因及地质意义

东昆仑造山带中灶火地区镁铁质岩墙群以闪长玢岩为主,含少量闪斜煌斑岩、辉绿玢岩及辉绿岩,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年代学指示该套岩墙群结晶侵位年龄为(249±1)Ma。稀土元素含量整体较高,富集轻稀土元素(∑REE=99.9×10-6~173.9×10-6,(La/Yb)N=3.5~9.3);微量元素表现出富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)的特征;源区分析表明,镁铁质岩浆为俯冲洋壳析出的流体交代富集地幔的结果,且在岩石成因中部分熔融起到主导作用,地壳混染和分离结晶作用对岩浆成分分异起到的作用有限。构造环境分析表明,岩石的形成与俯冲作用有关,结合区域构造演化认为镁铁质岩墙群的成因为:早三叠世,在古特提斯洋向北俯冲的环境下,俯冲板片释放的流体交代富集地幔,诱发地幔部分熔融形成镁铁质岩浆,受弧后伸展的动力学背景影响,岩浆最终上升侵位形成镁铁质岩墙群。     

郯庐断裂带新生代的上地幔剪切作用与火山活动

沿郯庐断裂带新生代大规模的幔源玄武岩喷发是伴随着上地幔剪切作用而出现的。古近纪(老第三纪)伸展活动期，断裂带在上地幔的伸展剪切及同时的软流圈上涌、岩石圈拆沉是该阶段玄武岩浆活动的主要原因。断裂带内新近纪(新第三纪)至第四纪玄武岩中的幔源包体，不但指示了土地幔韧性剪切带的存在，也反映了断裂切割深度与详细的流变学特征。在新近纪以来的区域挤压背景下，郯庐断裂带压性或压扭性的上地幔剪切一地幔交代．_‘部分熔融是该期玄武岩喷发的主要机制。     

西藏扎布耶盐湖钙华岛钙华的地质地球化学特征及意义

扎布耶盐湖属世界独一无二的天然产碳酸锂的盐湖,并富含Cs。该湖钙华岛的钙华自东而西呈高出湖面25～30m、15～25m和0～15m的3套产出。钙华的构造类型有层状构造、蜂窝状构造、鲕粒状构造、块状构造等,结构类型有粒状结构、针状结构、包裹状结构、溶蚀结构、生物结构等。钙华的矿物主要有文石和方解石2种。钙华的CaO为49.49%～51.16%。钙华的稀土元素配分模式均为重稀土元素富集型。3套钙华Cs的平均值为4.54μg/g→6.68μg/g→5.34μg/g,Li的平均值为109.9μg/g→116.5μg/g→136.9μg/g。扎布耶盐湖的Cs、Li等组分的源区是深部的重熔岩浆,泉水为携带成矿物质的载体。其中所含的Cs、Li等元素一部分保存在钙华中,另一部分随泉水汇入盐湖中,盐湖的持续蒸发使湖水中的稀碱金属元素含量增高。