A micro-scale investigation of melt production and extraction in the upper mantle based on silicate melt pockets in ultramafic xenoliths from the Bakony–Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (Western Hungary)

Mantle xenoliths in Neogene alkali basalts of the Bakony–Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (Western Hungary) frequently have melt pockets that contain silicate minerals, glass, and often carbonate globules. Textural, geochemical and thermobarometric data indicate that the melt pockets formed at relatively high pressure through breakdown of mainly amphibole as a result of temperature increases accompanied, in most cases, by the influx of external metasomatic agents. New elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data show that in several xenoliths the external agent was either a LIL-enriched aqueous fluid or a CO₂-rich fluid, whereas in other xenoliths the melt pockets were additionally enriched in LREE and sometimes HFSE, suggesting metasomatism by a silicate melt. The compositional character of the external agents might have been inherited by melting of a hydrated and probably carbonated deeper lithospheric component, which itself was metasomatized by melts with significant slab-derived components. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Geological-petrographical evidence for the autochthonous nature of the Late Mesozoic minor intrusions of Chukotka

The autochonous nature of the Late Mesozoic minor intrusions of Chukotka has been shown. They were formed under the subsurface conditions of the ancient relief. The structural-geological and microscopic features of the minor intrusions point to solid state origin.     

Metasomatized harzburgite xenoliths from Avacha volcano as fragments of mantle wedge of the Kamchatka arc: Implication for the metasomatic agent

Abstract   Abundant peridotite xenoliths have been found in pyroclasitics of Avacha (Avachinsky) volcano, the south Kamchatka arc, Russia. They are mostly refractory harzburgite with or without clinopyroxene: the Fo of olivine and Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio of spinel range from 91 to 92 and from 0.5 to 0.7, respectively. They are metasomatized to various extents, and the metasomatic orthopyroxene has been formed at the expense of olivine. The metasomatic orthopyroxene, free of deformation and exsolution, is characterized by low contents of CaO and Cr₂O₃. The complicated way of replacement possibly indicates low viscosity of the metasomatic agent, namely hydrous fluids released from the relatively cool slab beneath the south Kamchatka arc. This is a good contrast to the north Kamchatka arc, where the slab has been hot enough to provide slab-derived melts. High content of total orthopyroxene, 40 vol% on average, in metasomatized harzburgite from Avacha suggests silica enrichment of the mantle wedge, and is equivalent to some subcratonic harzburgite. Some subcratonic harzburgites therefore could have been formed by transportation of subarc metasomatized peridotites to a deeper part of the upper mantle.     

赣南九龙嶂火山盆地铀矿地质特征与成矿条件分析

九龙嶂火山盆地位于南岭成矿带安远热隆的西部,面积120余km2,盆地基底为元古代变质岩,盖层为上侏罗统鸡笼嶂组火山岩系.在盆地边缘火山岩中分布3个铀矿点或矿化点.其中银坑山矿点受发育于流纹质熔结凝灰岩中的近SN向碎裂带控制.盆地基底岩石碱交代蚀变明显,火山期后浅成-超浅成侵入岩浆活动频繁,火山构造与区域线性构造交接复合并形成派生构造,使盆地具有良好的铀矿形成的源-运-聚条件.盆地南(东)部银坑山一带是找矿方向和勘查重点所在.     

The late Cretaceous lithospheric mantle beneath the Central Andes: Evidence from phase equilibria and composition of mantle xenoliths

Temperature estimates and chemical composition of mantle xenoliths from the Cretaceous rift system of NW Argentina (26°S) constrain the rift evolution and chemical and physical properties of the lithospheric mantle at the eastern edge of the Cenozoic Andean plateau. The xenolith suite comprises mainly spinel lherzolite and subordinate pyroxenite and carbonatized lherzolite. The spinel lherzolite xenoliths equilibrated at high-T (most samples >1000 °C) and P below garnet-in. The Sm–Nd systematics of compositionally unzoned clino- and orthopyroxene indicate a Cretaceous minimum age for the high-T regime, i.e., the asthenosphere/lithosphere thermal boundary was at ca. 70 km depth in the Cretaceous rift. Major elements and Cr, Ni, Co and V contents of the xenoliths range between values of primitive and depleted mantle. Calculated densities based on the bulk composition of the xenoliths are <3280 kg/m³ for the estimated P–T conditions and indicate a buoyant, stable upper mantle lithosphere. The well-equilibrated metamorphic fabric and mineral paragenesis with the general lack of high-T hydrous phases did not preserve traces of metasomatism in the mantle xenoliths. Late Mesozoic metasomatism, however, is obvious in the gradual enrichment of Sr, U, Th and light to medium REE and changes in the radiogenic isotope composition of an originally depleted mantle. These changes are independent of the degree of depletion evidenced by major element composition. ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_i ratios of clinopyroxene from the main group of xenoliths decrease with increasing Nd content from >0.5130 (depleted samples) to ca. 0.5127 (enriched samples). ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i ratios (0.7127–0.7131, depleted samples; 0.7130–0.7134, enriched samples) show no variation with variable Sr contents. Pb_i isotope ratios of the enriched samples are rather radiogenic (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_i 18.8–20.6, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_i 15.6–15.7, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_i 38.6–47) compared with the Pb isotope signature of the depleted samples. The large scatter and high values of ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_i ratios of many xenoliths indicates at least two Pb sources that are characterized by similar U/Pb but by different Th/Pb ratios. The dominant mantle type in the investigated system is depleted mantle according to its Sr and Nd isotopic composition with relatively radiogenic Pb isotope ratios. This mantle is different from the Pacific MORB source and old subcontinental mantle from the adjacent Brazilian Shield. Its composition probably reflects material influx into the mantle wedge during various episodes of subduction that commenced in early Paleozoic or even earlier. Old subcontinental mantle was already replaced in the Paleozoic, but some inheritance from old mantle lithosphere is represented by rare xenoliths with isotope signatures indicating a Proterozoic origin.     

Recycling process and proto-kimberlite melt metasomatism in the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath the Amazonian Craton recorded by garnet xenocrysts and mantle xenoliths from the Carolina kimberlite

Here we present new data on the major and trace element compositions of silicate and oxide minerals from mantle xenoliths brought to the surface by the Carolina kimberlite, Pimenta Bueno Kimberlitic Field, which is located on the southwestern border of the Amazonian Craton. We also present Sr-Nd isotopic data of garnet xenocrysts and whole-rocks from the Carolina kimberlite. Mantle xenoliths are mainly clinopyroxenites and garnetites. Some of the clinopyroxenites were classified as GPP–PP–PKP (garnet-phlogopite peridotite, phlogopite-peridotite, phlogopite-K-richterite peridotite) suites, and two clinopyroxenites (eclogites) and two garnetites are relicts of an ancient subducted slab. Temperature and pressure estimates yield 855–1102 °C and 3.6–7.0 GPa, respectively. Clinopyroxenes are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) (La_N/Yb_N = 5–62; Ce_N/Sm_N = 1–3; where N = primitive mantle normalized values), they have high Ca/Al ratios (10–410), low to medium Ti/Eu ratios (742–2840), and low Zr/Hf ratios (13–26), which suggest they were formed by metasomatic reactions with CO₂-rich silicate melts. Phlogopite with high TiO₂ (>2.0 wt.%), Al₂O₃ (>12.0 wt.%), and FeO_t (5.0–13.0 wt.%) resemble those found in the groundmass of kimberlites, lamproites and lamprophyres. Conversely, phlogopite with low TiO₂ (<1.0 wt.%) and lower Al₂O₃ (<12.0 wt.%) are similar to those present in GPP-PP-PKP, and in MARID (mica-amphibole-rutile-ilmenite-diopside) and PIC (phlogopite-ilmenite-clinopyorxene) xenoliths. The GPP-PP-PKP suite of xenoliths, together with the clinopyroxene and phlogopite major and trace element signatures suggests that an intense proto-kimberlite melt metasomatism occurred in the deep cratonic lithosphere beneath the Amazonian Craton. The Sr-Nd isotopic ratios of pyrope xenocrysts (G3, G9 and G11) from the Carolina kimberlite are characterized by high ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51287–0.51371) and εNd (+4.55 to +20.85) accompanied with enriched ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70405–0.71098). These results suggest interaction with a proto-kimberlite melt compositionally similar with worldwide kimberlites. Based on Sr-Nd whole-rock compositions, the Carolina kimberlite has affinity with Group 1 kimberlites. The Sm-Nd isochron age calculated with selected eclogitic garnets yielded an age of 291.9 ± 5.4 Ma (2 σ), which represents the cooling age after the proto-kimberlite melt metasomatism. Therefore, we propose that the lithospheric mantle beneath the Amazonian Craton records the Paleozoic subduction with the attachment of an eclogitic slab into the cratonic mantle (garnetites and eclogites); with a later metasomatic event caused by proto-kimberlite melts shortly before the Carolina kimberlite erupted.     

Melt migration in the upper mantle along the Romanche Fracture Zone (Equatorial Atlantic)

Textural and petrological data of mantle peridotites sampled in the central and western parts of the Romanche Fracture Zone (Equatorial Atlantic) during the oceanographic expedition PRIMAR-96 (Russian R/V Gelendzhik) are presented. The studied rocks are mantle peridotites carrying patches, pockets and veins/dikes of magmatic origin, interpreted to be the product of various extents of magma impregnation on mantle partial melting residues. Estimated partial melting degrees based on clinopyroxene Ti/Zr ratios are in the ranges 5–13% and 18–20%. In highly impregnated samples, refertilization of residual peridotite minerals precludes a correct evaluation of the degree of melting. Magmatic products occur as pl±cpx±opx±ol±sp aggregates with various textural features. Interstitial pl-rich patches and gabbroic pockets are interpreted to derive from magma migration through the upper mantle by diffusive porous flow in the ductile part of the lithosphere and melt–rock reactions. Metasomatism of the host peridotites is testified by Ti and Cr increase in spinel and Ti, Sr, Zr, Y and LREE increase in clinopyroxene. Veins and dikes reflect channeled magma migration focused by brittle failures at shallower lithospheric levels. Minor or no chemical changes occurred in peridotites impregnated along fractures. The compositions of magmatic minerals in impregnated peridotites are consistent with derivation from variably fractionated melts of probably MORB type. Barometric estimates suggest that the Romanche peridotites were impregnated at minimum depths of ca. 9–12 km. Thermometric estimates for the peridotite hosts are in the range 750–1050 °C. The spread in temperature values is partly ascribed to localized heating by migrating melts of relatively cold peridotites. Our data and the occurrence of both fertile and depleted peridotites in a neighbouring area along the western Romanche FZ are in accord with the hypothesis of small-scale (<100 km) mantle heterogeneity along this fracture zone.     

南华砷铊矿床碱金属碱土金属和稀土元素地球化学

南华砷铊矿床位于云南省南华县不南,距县城５５ｋｍ。矿床主要产于上侏罗统江边组雄黄厂段,以砷和铊元素组合为特征,属于典型的低温热液改造矿床,通过矿床地质、碱金属、碱土金属和稀土元素的地球化学研究,对矿床成矿作用进行讨论。和流体是具有δＣｅ和δＥｕ负异常的酸性溶液,基本保留了矿源层的稀土分布模式。在成矿过程中亲石元素的亲硫元素均不同程度地参与在矿作用。     

江苏东海县磨山片麻状碱性花岗岩锆石SHRIMP定年研究

对东海县磨山片麻状碱性花岗岩中变质锆石和变质复合锆石进行SHRIMP UPb定年：①对变质锆石和变质复合锆石的新壳共测定8个点,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为212±3.6 Ma（MSWD=7.55）,反映了磨山片麻状碱性花岗岩的变质时间,即成岩时间,属于印支期,相当于晚三叠世;②变质复合锆石的老核（继承锆石）,多为发育有规则韵律环带的岩浆碎屑锆石,对其中3个颗粒进行了测定,UPb年龄分别为866 Ma、378 Ma和370 Ma,暗示其来源是异地多时代的。同时还表明其寄主岩的原岩应是沉积岩,其时代不会早于晚古生代。     

秦楼铜金矿成矿控制条件及矿床成因分析

秦楼铜金矿区位于淮北铁铜金最有利的成矿区三铺岩体北接触带东段,以金、铜矿为主,并含有多种金属元素。本文对秦楼铜金矿的矿床特征、成因以及控制因素做了分析与研究。