The use of digital technologies for landslide disaster risk research and disaster risk management: progress and prospects

Landslide is a serious natural disaster next only to earthquake and flood, which will cause a great threat to people’s lives and property safety. The traditional research of landslide disaster based on experience-driven or statistical model and its assessment results are subjective , difficult to quantify, and no pertinence. As a new research method for landslide susceptibility assessment, machine learning can greatly improve the landslide susceptibility model’s accuracy by constructing statistical models. Taking Western Henan for example, the study selected 16 landslide influencing factors such as topography, geological environment, hydrological conditions, and human activities, and 11 landslide factors with the most significant influence on the landslide were selected by the recursive feature elimination (RFE) method. Five machine learning methods [Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)] were used to construct the spatial distribution model of landslide susceptibility. The models were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve and statistical index. After analysis and comparison, the XGBoost model (AUC 0.8759) performed the best and was suitable for dealing with regression problems. The model had a high adaptability to landslide data. According to the landslide susceptibility map of the five models, the overall distribution can be observed. The extremely high and high susceptibility areas are distributed in the Funiu Mountain range in the southwest, the Xiaoshan Mountain range in the west, and the Yellow River Basin in the north. These areas have large terrain fluctuations, complicated geological structural environments and frequent human engineering activities. The extremely high and highly prone areas were 12043.3 km² and 3087.45 km², accounting for 47.61% and 12.20% of the total area of the study area, respectively. Our study reflects the distribution of landslide susceptibility in western Henan Province, which provides a scientific basis for regional disaster warning, prediction, and resource protection. The study has important practical significance for subsequent landslide disaster management.     

获取与处理类测绘标准的重组规划探讨

获取与处理类测量规范是测绘标准体系的核心部分,然而,这些测量规范存在着内容重复、引用复杂、系统性差等缺点,因此,建议将现行的获取与处理类测量规范进行重组。通过分析,将该类测量规范规划为两部分：基础测量规范与专业测量规范,重组后的测量规范系统性强、引用简单、索引明确,对指导测绘生产具有重要意义。     

台湾海峡西部海域沉积体系、地层架构与油气勘探前景

基于台湾海峡西部新采集的高分辨率二维地震资料及钻井数据,结合区域地质资料和前人研究成果,建立台湾海峡西部高精度等时地层格架,在此基础上厘定了地质年代属性和沉积相特征分析。研究表明第四纪地层识别出6个三级层序界面,对应地划分为5个三级层序。研究区地震相主要有席状平行—亚平行地震相、前积地震相、下切谷充填地震相、充填状低连续地震相和充填状杂乱地震相等,不同的地震相及其组合代表特定的沉积体系。通过以上分析可知研究区新生代主要发育于海陆过渡地带,主要发育冲积/洪积平原相和滨岸平原相,在此基础上分析沉积演化特征,为台湾海峡西部海域进行精细勘探提供地质依据,这对将来的油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

Shell model representation as a substitute of LoD3 for 3D modeling in CityGML

The OGC standard for 3D city modeling is widely used in an increasing number of applications.It defines five consecutive Levels of Detail(LoD0 to LoD4 with increasing accuracy and structural complexity),in which LoD3 includes all exterior appearances and geometrical details and subsequently requires much storage space.A new LoD is introduced as shell model with the exterior shell of the LoD3 model and the opening objects like windows,doors as well as smaller faade objects are projected onto walls.In this paper,a user survey is presented.The results of this survey show that the shell model can give users almost the same visual impression as the LoD3 model.Furthermroe,algorithms are developed to extract the shell model from LoD3 model.Experiments show that this shell model can reduce up to 90% storage of the original LoD3 model.Therefore,on one hand it can be used as a substitute for a LoD3 model for the visualization on small displays.On the other hand,it can be treated as a sub-level of detail(SLoD3) in CityGML,since it retains almost the same amount of information but requires much less storage space.     

"3S"技术在土地管理领域中的应用现状与展望

土地作为一种不可再生资源,科学利用和有效管理土地资源对我国有着比较重要的意义.20世纪80年代,3S技术已经逐步地在土地管理工作中有了比较广泛的应用.特别是最近两年,经过二次土地调查之后,3S技术在建设用地前期勘测定界、土地资源动态监测、土地整理、土地规划、地籍测绘等工作中得到了更加广泛的应用.但也应当看到,3S技术在...     

1993年5月日面AR7500中暗条的动力学特征

本文利用光球磁场、色球Hα单色像和Hβ速度场等观测资料，分析了1993年5月日面AR7500中3个暗条的演化和动力学行为，得出4个结论(1)3个暗条中两个是右旋暗条，一个是左旋暗条。(2)暗条附近两侧的色球纤维和光球横场几乎平行于暗条长轴，暗条端点处的黑子没有呈现明显的涡旋结构。(3)尖角处因为轴向场取向不同，一直没有发生暗条合并，即使其中一个右旋暗条消失后又重新形成也如此。(4)几天持续存在的左旋暗条，在两天的观测中未出现扰动激活，其中部为杂乱而不明显的运动图案。本文还讨论了可以用暗条的扭曲磁流绳模型来解释暗条的这些动力学行为，以及一些尚待进一步澄清的问题。     

Effects of magnetic interactions in anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility: Models, experiments and implications for igneous rock fabrics quantification

Besides granites of the ilmenite series, in which the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is mainly controlled by paramagnetic minerals, the AMS of igneous rocks is commonly interpreted as the result of the shape-preferred orientation of unequant ferromagnetic grains. In a few instances, the anisotropy due to the distribution of ferromagnetic grains, irrespective of their shape, has also been proposed as an important AMS source. Former analytical models that consider infinite geometry of identical and uniformly magnetized and coaxial particles confirm that shape fabric may be overcome by dipolar contributions if neighboring grains are close enough to each other to magnetically interact. On these bases we present and experimentally validate a two-grain macroscopic numerical model in which each grain carries its own magnetic anisotropy, volume, orientation and location in space. Compared with analytical predictions and available experiments, our results allow to list and quantify the factors that affect the effects of magnetic interactions. In particular, we discuss the effects of (i) the infinite geometry used in the analytical models, (ii) the intrinsic shape anisotropy of the grains, (iii) the relative orientation in space of the grains, and (iv) the spatial distribution of grains with a particular focus on the inter-grain distance distribution. Using documented case studies, these findings are summarized and discussed in the framework of the generalized total AMS tensor recently introduced by Cañon-Tapia (Cañon-Tapia, E., 2001. Factors affecting the relative importance of shape and distribution anisotropy in rocks: theory and experiments. Tectonophysics, 340, 117–131.). The most important result of our work is that analytical models far overestimate the role of magnetic interaction in rock fabric quantification. Considering natural rocks as an assemblage of interacting and non-interacting grains, and that the effects of interaction are reduced by (i) the finite geometry of the interacting clusters, (ii) the relative orientation between interacting grains, (iii) their heterogeneity in orientation, shape and bulk susceptibility, and (iv) their inter-distance distribution, we reconcile analytical models and experiments with real case studies that minimize the role of magnetic interaction onto the measured AMS. Limitations of our results are discussed and guidelines are provided for the use of AMS in geological interpretation of igneous rock fabrics where magnetic interactions are likely to occur.     

长春地区地表温度日变、年变对地温测量的影响

通过实地观测试验,并采用傅里叶分析法进行理论分析,来研究长春地区地表温度日变、年变对地温测量的影响规律及影响深度,为在长春地区利用浅层地温测量方法研究地质问题提供重要参数信息.地温变化幅度随深度作指数衰减,衰减系数与地表温度周期、热扩散率有关.     

GPS高程测量在也门Block69中的应用分析

GPS高程测量代替常规水准测量的技术和方法已经成为这些年来许多大地测量学者们研究的热门课题之一,本文简单地介绍了GPS高程测量的模型及其适用范围,并通过在也门Block 69的应用分析,说明了在高程异常值变化平缓的平坦地区,只需测定少量（不少于3个）较均匀分布于测区的已知高程控制点,采用平面拟合法,拟合精度就能够达到测区测量精度的要求。     

武汉天兴洲近代沉积物的磁性特征及其环境意义

利用多磁性参数(包括质量磁化率、频率磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、退磁系数以及热磁曲线)及磁组构分析,以长江中游武汉天兴洲近代河流沉积物为研究对象, 探讨了近100年以来沉积物磁性参数变化特征及其对长江中上游水文变化及气候环境的指示.结果表明,上部组合带(0.60~1.50 m)和下部组合带(2.40~3.30 m)沉积物的磁性载体以亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿为主,同时存在少量较稳定的不完整反铁磁性物质,中部(1.50~2.40 m)亚铁磁性矿物相对较少,且剖面上部沉积物的超顺磁(SP)颗粒对沉积物χ贡献较大.整个沉积剖面自下而上磁性矿物含量呈“C”字型变化,反映了“软”-“硬”-“软”的磁性特性.沉积物磁组构组合带研究显示,历史时期沉积环境水动力强度、颗粒排列有序化程度以及长江流速发生了明显的变化,沉积环境水动力强度经历了“不稳定”－“稳定”－“不稳定”的变化过程,反映了长江古水文状况的变化.近代沉积物磁性特征变化格局与1900年以来以来长江中上游“暖湿”-“温凉”-“暖湿”气候环境变化和“强降水”-“弱降水”-“强降水”以及长江汉口站流量变化过程相吻合.这一研究成果为深刻认识历史时期长江流域气候环境变迁其及对长江古水文和沉积环境的影响提供了重要的参考资料.